
Class_F_3^ 

Book __iJjj:1_1 

GopightN^ 

COPYRrCHT DEPOSIT. 



TEXAS 



;V>y^° 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



TEXAS 



u^ BY 

■h A, 

E>> g/littlejohn, a.m. 

PRINCIPAL WEST BROADWAY SCHOOL, GALVESTON, TEXAS 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1903 

All rights reserved 



THE Library of 

CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

m t6 1903 

Q Copyright ttnry 
CLASS ^ XXc. No. 

4> / ^ 8- -? 

COPY B, ' 



Copyright, 1903, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up, electrotyped, and published June, 1903. 



f-^ 



NorhjootJ Press 

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Suggestive Plan or Teaching vii 

Sources ix 

Acknowledgments . . . xi 

Physiography , . 1 

Position and Size of tbe State 1 

Boundaries 2 

Coast Line 3 

Surface ... . . . . . . . , . 5 

Divisions .......... 5 

The Eastern Province 7 

The Southern Province . 7 

The P^ast Central Province 7 

The Central Province 9 

The Great Plains Province 11 

The Trans-Pecos Province 12 

Elevation 13 

Drainage — Elvers 15 

Lakes 20 

Climate 20 

Soil 24 

Forests 26 

Agricultural Industries ........ 30 

Cotton ; Corn ; Wheat ; Rice 31 

Sugar ; Fruits 32 

Trucking ; Hay 33 

Tobacco 34 

Table of Agricultural Products ....... 34 

V 



vi CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Ranching 34 

Number and Value of Live Stock 37 

Fisheries 39 

Railroads 39 

Manufacturing 42- 

Number and Value of Manufacturing Plants .... 42 

Six Most Important Manufactures 42 

The Lumber Industry 42 

Cotton Products 43 

Ginning Plants ; Railway Machine Shops ; Canning Factories ; 
Sugar Refineries ; Petroleum Refineries ; Packing Houses ; 

Brick Yards, etc 45 

Mineral Resources 47 

Gold ; Silver ; Copper ; Lead ; Zinc ; Iron ; Salt ; Gypsum ; Clay 48 

Quicksilver ; Asphaltum ; Building Stones .... 50 

Coal and Petroleum 50 

Artesian and Mineral Waters 53 

Political Divisions ......... 55 

Original Counties 55 

Number of Counties 56 

Largest County ; Smallest County 56 

Population 56 

Eight Largest Cities 56 

Other Cities 68 

Government ••••....... 81 

Education 84 

History . 90 



SUGGESTIVE PLAN OF TEACHING 

1. Map. — Let the teacher draw on the blackboard an outline map 
of the state. On this map indicate by dotted lines the greatest dis- 
tance across the state from north to south, and from east to west. 
Outline the county in which pupils live, and surrounding counties. 
Indicate on the map, by different colored crayons, the agricultural and 
the grazing regions ; the wooded area, and the prairies ; the section 
best suited to the growth of corn, cotton, rice, and sugar cane ; the 
mineral districts; the six physical districts. Give pupils outline 
maps to be filled in at their seats. Let them use colored crayons. 
Do not put too much on one map. The maps may be made on a gel- 
atine copying pad or with a pasteboard outline. Memory maps should 
be frequently required to bring out special topics. Pupils should 
make free-hand sketch maps on the blackboard daily, until they can 
draw a tolerably correct outline of the state. 

2. Mountains. — Show pictures of Texas mountain scenery, buttes, 
mesas, and lost mountains. Locate mountain region on raised map, 
and then on outline map. Show pupils how to represent mountains 
by hachure lines. 

3. Rivers. — Prepare a drainage map of the state. Enter the prin- 
cipal rivers on this map and have pupils describe them. Call par- 
ticular attention to the slope of the land which gives direction to the 
flow of the rivers. Notice differences between rivers east of the Brazos 
and those west. Why these differences ? 

4. Railroads. — Make a railroad map of the state, showing princi- 
pal trunk lines. Note the different sections contributory to each. 
Locate most important cities on each line. Be careful to note all the 
lines that enter or pass through the pupils' home town. What do the 
railroads bring into the state, and what do they carry out ? Question 
pupils as to the lines they would travel over in going to certain places. 
Locate the greatest railroad centres. What fare is charged passengers 
on railroads in Texas? 

5. Journeys. — Have pupils take imaginary journeys over the rail- 
roads, stating the character of the country through which they travel, 



viii SUGGESTIVE PLAN OF TEACHING 

what cities they pass, and the objects of interest to be n'oted in each. 
What rivers are crossed ? 

6. Counties. — Have pupils give boundaries of their home county, 
and state its chief productions. Name the county seat, and mention 
some things of interest that may be seen there. Name groups of 
counties in different sections of the state. Name largest county; 
smallest county. 

7. Cities. — Locate the sixteen largest cities on an outline map. 
Group them as to the different physical divisions. Note v^^here most 
of them are found, and state why this is so. Study in detail the cajDi- 
tal city ; the largest city ; the chief seaport. 

8. Productions and Occupations. — Note what are the chief produc- 
tions, and enter these on outline map. 



SOURCES 

The matter contained in this Supplement has been obtained from 
the following sources: — 

Publications of the United States Geological Survey. 

Bulletins of the Census Bureau. 

Bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture. 

Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. 

Reports and other papers of Professor Robert T. Hill, of United 
States Geological Survey. 

Reports and other papers of Professor E. T. Dumble, formerly 
State Geologist. 

Bulletins of the University of Texas Mineral Survey, W. B. Phil- 
lips, Director. 

Annual Report of Hon. Jefferson Johnson, State Commissioner of 
Agriculture, Statistics, and History. 

Annual Report of Hon. Arthur Lefevre, State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

Annual Report of the State Treasurer. 

Annual Report of President and Faculties of the University of 
Texas. 

Annual Catalogue of Agricultural and Mechanical College. 

Raines' Year Book of Texas, 1901. 

Shaler's Story of Our Continent. 

Gilbert and Brigham's Physical Geography. 

Publications of various railroad companies and boards of trade. 



IX 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

In the preparation of the section on physiography I have drawn 
very freely upon the writings of Professor Robert T. Hill and Professor 
E. T. Dunible, and in several instances have used almost their exact 
language for which special acknowledgments are here made. I also 
wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Hon. Arthur Lefevre, State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction ; Mr. J. W. Hopkins, Superin- 
tendent of Galveston Public Schools; Professor T. U. Taylor, Univer- 
sity of Texas ; Miss Hattie Beal, teacher of English, Ball High School, 
Galveston; Mr. J. H. Johnston, Secretary Galveston Chamber of 
Commerce ; and Dr. I. M. Cline, of the United States Weather Bureau. 
Also to Professor L. D. Borden, of the North Texas Normal College ; 
Mr. Nic Teng, San Antonio; Mr. Ferd Ohlendorf, Galveston; Mr. 
Wesley Love, Jacksonville ; Mr. A. G. Pickett, Flatonia ; Mr. F. Beck, 
Coleman; T. V. Munson & Sons, Denison; Mr. Sam H. Dixon, Hous- 
ton ; and the United States Geological Survey for photographs. 

E. G. L. 
Galveston, Texas, January 1, 1903. 



Kl 




Fig. 1. 
State capitol, Austin ; seventh largest buildiug in tlie world. 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 

Position and Size. — Texas is situated in the extreme 
soutliwestern portion of tlie United States. It is included 
between the parallels of 25° 51' and 36° 30' north lati- 
tude, and the meridians of 93° 30' and 106° 15' west 
longitude from Greenwich. It is midway between the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans and about equidistant from 
the Equator and the Arctic Circle. It is in the heart of 
the North Temperate Zone. 

Plorida excepted, Texas is the most southern of all the 
states in the Union, and is usually classed as a Southern 
state. Owing to its central position it may, with equal 

B 1 



2 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

propriety, be called a Central state. It includes large 
areas of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions, 
and its far western corner is nearer the Pacific than the 
Atlantic — hence it may be called a Western state. It is 
also a Gulf state, bordering as it does for nearly five hun- 
dred miles on the Gulf of Mexico. 

Texas has an area of 265,780 square miles, of which 
262,290 square miles are land, and 3490 square miles are 
water surface. There are 167,865,600 acres of land in the 
state — enough to give two and one-fifth acres to every 
man, woman, and child in the United States. It is much 
the largest state in the Union, being thirty times the size 
of Massachusetts, and nearly six times the size of New 
York. Texas is as large as all the New England and 
Middle Atlantic states combined, with Indiana in addi- 
tion. It is about equal in extent to the German Empire 
or the Republic of France. Its length and breadth are 
nearly the same — 750 miles. This distance is more than 
one-half that across the United States from north to south 
and one-tliird that from east to west at the widest part 
of the country. The state is irregular in shape, but, if 
thrown into a square, each side of the square would be 
slightly more than 515 miles in length. The geographical 
centre of tlie state is near Waco, McLennan County. 

Boundaries. — The boundaries of Texas are largely natu- 
ral. The Gulf of Mexico forms the southern boundary. 
Beginning at the Gulf at the outlet of Sabine Lake, the 
boundary line follows the middle of the Sabine River to 
the intersection of that stream with the 32d parallel; 
thence north along the 94th meridian to Red River ; up 
this stream to the 100th meridian ; on this meridian north 
to the parallel of 36° 30'; west on this parallel to the 



PHYSIOGRAPHY B 

103d meridian ; south on this meridian to the 32d paral- 
lel ; west on this parallel to its intersection with the Rio 
Grande; thence down the middle of this stream to its 
mouth. 

Review and Map Questions. — On a map of the United States 
locate Texas accurately. Between what parallels of latitude does 
it lie? What other states lie wholly or partly between the same 
parallels ? Name some foreign countries that have the same latitude. 
Which meridian of longitude forms part of the eastern boundary 
of the state? What other states does this meridian cross? What 
meridian forms the eastern boundary of the Panhandle? In what 
three great sections of the United States might Texas be classified ? 
Why? Which state is farther south than Texas? What rivers 
form part of the boundary line of the state ? Name the states that 
bound Texas. AVhat is the land area of the state? The water 
area ? The total area ? How does Texas compare in size with New 
York? California? Georgia? How does it compare in size with the 
German Empire? With France? What is the greatest length of 
the state ? The greatest breadth ? How many acres of land in the 
state? If the state were thrown into a square, what would be the 
length of the sides of the square? AVhere is the geographical centre 
of the state? 

Coast Line. — Texas has what is known as a rising 
shore line. Around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico 
and the Atlantic Ocean as far north as New York is a 
broad ocean bottom plain called the continental shelf. 
The water here is shallow, and a slight raising of the shelf 
would bring it above sea level. This is what has actually 
liappened to the Texas coast region. It was once a part 
of the continental shelf, but has been raised until it has 
become a broad level plain. Since the uplift began a 
slight subsidence of the land has admitted the ocean 
waters into the valleys, forming a series of shallow bays 
all along the coast, as Galveston Bay, Matagorda Bay, 
Espiritu Santo Bay, and Corpus Christi Bay. 



4 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

These bays, naturally shallow, are constantly being 
filled by the sediment brought down by the rivers and by 
waves and currents. As a consequence the harbors are 
poor. The United States government spends thousands 
of dollars every year dredging and deepening these har- 




FiG. 2. 
Government jetties, Galveston. 

bors. By means of a system of rock jetties extending 
several miles into the sea, a depth of thirty feet of water 
has been secured at Galveston, and vessels of the heaviest 
draught may enter and discharge at that port. 

Another characteristic feature of the coast is the series 
of long sandy islands or bars that stretch along its entire 
length. Owing to the shelving of the sea bottom great 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 5 

waves cannot attain the shore, but are compelled to break 
in deeper water, sometimes miles out to sea. Where they 
break they push the sand of the sea bottom up in the form 
of a bar. As wave follows wave, the bar increases in 
height till it rises above the level of the water and be- 
comes an island. This the wind raises still higher by 
drifting the gravel into a low sand dune. Such islands are 
usually elongated and parallel with the shore, while back 
of them is a belt of quiet water or lagoon. All of the 
Texas islands are of this character. The most impor- 
tant are Galveston Island, Matagorda Island, St. Joseph 
Island, Mustang Island, and Padre Island — the last, more 
than 100 miles in length, being the most noted of its 
kind in the world. 

Review Questions. — What is meant by a rising shore line ? 
Describe a coast of this character. What other portions of the United 
States have rising shore lines ? Describe the formation of the islands 
along the Texas coast. Name the principal islands. Which is the 
largest ? Account for the shallow character of the bays along the coast. 
Name the principal bays. Name the best harbors. How was deep water 
secured at Galveston? What is the length of the coast line of Texas? 
How does this compare with that of the small state of Maine ? 

Surface. — The surface of Texas may be described as a 
vast and diversified series of plains sloping gently from 
the high plateaus and mountains on the northwest, to the 
low-lying shores of the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast. 
It is naturally divided into six sections or provinces : 
I, the Eastern Province ; II, the Southern Province ; 
III, the East Central Province ; IV, the Central Prov- 
ince ; V, the Great Plains Province ; VI, the Trans- 
Pecos Province. 

The Eastern and Southern Provinces occupy the Texas 
coastal plain, that portion of the state lying east and 




PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF TEXAS. 

(After Hill.) 



1. Eastern Province. 

2. Southern Province. 

3. East Central Province. 



4. Central Province. 

5. Great Plains Province. 

6. Trans-Pecos Province. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 7 

south of a line drawn rduglily concentric with the coast 
from Texarkana to Del Rio. The former lies to the 
north of the 30th parallel and is commonly known as 
the East Texas Iron and Timber Belt ; the latter extends 
from the 30th parallel south to the Gulf of Mexico and 
west to the Rio Grande. 

The Eastern Province embraces 33,000 square miles, an 
area as large as the state of Maine. It is about 150 
miles in width, narroAving somewhat from south to north. 
It has a gently rolling surface, rising in altitude from 250 
feet in the southern part to 600 or 700 feet in the central 
parts about Palestine, Jacksonville, Nacogdoches, and 
Tyler. The soil is of a sandy texture, red or gray in 
color and largely impregnated with iron. This section 
receives an abundant rainfall and is covered with a 
growth of pine and other valuable timber. Rich deposits 
of iron are widely scattered throughout the province. 

The Southern Province contains 52,000 square miles, an 
area as large as the state of Alabama. It is, for the most 
part, a prairie region. Along the coast and for 50 miles 
inland, the surface is low, flat, and unbroken, with an 
elevation not over 100 feet. Beyond the coast prairie, 
the country rises gradually in altitude, becoming more 
undulating, then hilly, and finally assuming a some- 
what rugged aspect. The section east of the Colorado is 
well watered and has a considerable forest growth. West 
of that stream the climate is semi-arid and the timber, 
excepting mesquite, disappears. The rich alluvial soil 
is well adapted to the growth of sugar and rice. 

The East Central Province embraces that portion of the 
state north of the Colorado, between the Eastern and 
Central Provinces. It includes the Black and Grand 



8 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



Prairies and two belts of timber known as the Eastern 
and Western Cross Timbers, and has an area of 31,000 
square miles. The surface of this region is a gently 
undulating plain, sloping easily toward the east and south- 




FiG. 3. 
A coast country home. 

east and having an altitude of from 400 to 700 feet. The 
eastern portion, the Black Prairie, is comparatively un- 
broken, but the Grand Prairie in the west, especiall}^ south 
of the Brazos, is rugged and broken, resembling in many 
places the "bad lands" of the upper Missouri. 

While distinctively prairie, this region is not altogether 
treeless. A low growth of mesquite is scattered over the 
entire province; occasional "mottes" or clumps of live 
oak dot the uplands ; pecan, bois d'arc, and walnut bor- 
der the streams; while black-jack and post-oak grow in 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



9 



the sandy belts. The prairies are characterized by black 
or chocolate-colored soils of surprising fertility. The 
black waxy lands of the Black Prairie is one of the finest 
bodies of agricultural land in the world. The densest 
rural population in the state is found in this belt, and 
here also are located the most important inland cities, as 
Paris, Sherman, Denison, Dallas, Fort Worth, Waco, 
Waxahachie, and Austin. 




Fig. 4. 

Mesquite-covered prairie, Central Province. Wichita Mountains in 
background. 

T7ie Central Province lies north of the 30th parallel 
and extends from the 98th meridian, approximately, to 
the eastern escarpment of the great plains. This is 
a vast upland, rising in a succession of scarps or steps 
from an altitude of 700 feet in its eastern portions to 



10 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



2500 feet along its western border. Its surface is greatly 
diversified, due to erosive action, and buttes and mesas 
are characteristic features. These flat-topped hills rise 
to a height of 400 or 500 feet above the intervening 
plains, and give one the impression of huge, thickly set 
bridge piers. The principal group, called the Callahan 




Fig. 5. 
Signal Butte, Callahan Divide, Howard County. 

Divide, extends along the 31st parallel, through the 
counties of Coleman, Comanche, Brown, Eastland, Cal- 
lahan, Mitchell, Taylor, and Runnels. South of the 
Colorado, there is a rugged, semi-mountainous area 
called the Burnet country, which embraces several coun- 
ties — Burnet, Llano, Mason, Blanco, and Gillespie — and 
constitutes the Central Mineral District. Owing to in- 
sufficient rainfall the Central Province is destitute of 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



11 



timber except along the streams and in the hilly mineral 
district, and agriculture is made difficult. Grass is abun- 
dant, however, and the raising of cattle is an important 
industry. 

Beyond the Central Province, and extending westward 
to the Pecos River, is the Great Plains Province. That 
portion of the province south of the 32d parallel is 




Fig. 6. 
Summit of the Llauo Estacado. 

known as the Edwards Plateau ; and the portion north 
of that line as the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains. 
This region is a vast treeless expanse, rising to an eleva- 
tion of 4000 feet above the sea. It is bounded on three 
sides, east, north, and west, by bold bluffs or escarpments 
from 150 to 400 feet high. So level are these plains 
that one standing on the surface seems to be in the midst 
of a great bowl, whose gently sloping sides rise up to 



12 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

meet the overarching sky. A good growth of grass 
covers the surface of the plains, affording abundant 
pasturage for cattle and sheep, and making this the 
great grazing region of the state. By artesian water 
sections of it are being developed as farming land. 

27ie Tratis-Pecos Province lies between the Pecos River 
and the Rio Grande, and embraces an area as large as 
the state of South Carolina. It is a combined area of 
mountains and plains, ranging in elevation from 3000 
to 6000 feet. The mountains are outlying spurs of the 
Rocky Mountain range, which, dividing in New Mexico, 
crosses Texas in a southeasterly direction in four dis- 
tinct ranges or lines of elevation. These ranges are not 
continuous, but rise abruptly from the plains and disap- 
pear as suddenly, seeming to have no connection with 
each other, and assuming the form known in the west as 
"lost mountains." The principal ranges in the order of 
their occurrence from west to east are the Franklin Moun- 
tains ; the Hueco, Quitman, and Eagle mountains ; the 
Comanche, Wind, and Diablo mountains ; the Guadalupe, 
Davis, and Santiago mountains. The highest mountain 
of the system in Texas is Guadalupe Peak, near the 
border of New Mexico, which attains an elevation of 
9000 feet. Livermore Peak — altitude 8500 feet — in 
Jeff Davis County, and Mt. Emory — altitude 8500 feet 
— in Brewster County, are the highest summits south of 
Guadalupe Peak. 

Surface water is scarce throughout the Trans-Pecos, 
and most of the streams laid down on the maps are mere 
drainage channels, dry the greater part of the year. 
Scrubby cedar, live-oak, Spanish oak, with small moun- 
tain walnuts and other shrubs, are found among all the 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



13 




Fig. 7. 
A "lost " mountain, Trans-Pecos Province. 

ranges. The plains, or " flats," when not barren sand or 
gravel, are covered with gamma grass and buffalo grass. 
Of larger plants there are found many species of cactus, 
yucca, greascAVOod, and mesquite. On the higher moun- 
tains there is good timber. 

Elevation. — The average elevation of the state above 
sea-level is 1700 feet. Of the entire area forty-five per 
cent is below 1000 feet. The 1000-foot contour line runs 
south from Red River to Austin, and thence in a south- 
westerly curve to Del Rio on the Rio Grande. This 
line divides the state into two nearly equal parts. The 
most fertile section of the state, and the portion having 
the greatest density of population, lies between the 500- 
foot and 700-foot contour lines. The highest point, as 
has been stated (p. 12), is Guadalupe Peak, whose summit 
is 9000 feet above the sea. 




UiiUestou 



RELIEF MAP OF TEXAS. 

(After Hill.) 

1. Under 1000 feet. 3. 2000 feet. 

2. 1000 feet. 4. 3000 feet. 

5. 4000 feet. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 15 

Review Questions. — Name the six natural divisions of the surface 
of Texas-. Show these divisions by shading on an outline map. 
Describe the surface of the coastal plain. Locate the wooded area 
of this section. Name the most common forest trees. Of what divi- 
sions does the East Central region consist. Locate each of these 
divisions on an outline map. Describe the soil of the Black Prai- 
rie region. For what crops is this soil specially suited ? Mention 
the most important cities of this region. What meridian forms the 
western boundary of the Central region ? What are the Cross Tim- 
bers? Locate them on an outline map. Describe the Grand Prairie 
region. How does it differ from the Black Prairie country ? Where 
are the Staked Plains? Describe the surface of this section. Where 
is the Trans-Pecos region? How large is this section? Describe its 
surface. Name the principal mountain ranges of this region. What 
peculiarity have these mountains ? Name the highest peaks. Describe 
the vegetation of this region. What is the average elevation of the 
state? On an outline map draw the 1000-foot contour line. What 
elevation has the most densely populated districts ? What is the high- 
est elevation in the state ? How much of the state is below the 1000- 
foot contour line ? 

Drainage. — Forty-four rivers, large and small, consti- 
tute the drainage system of Texas. Excepting the Red 
and Canadian, which belong to the Mississippi system, all 
are included in the Texas system proper. Most of the 
streams following the continental slope flow in a south- 
easterly direction and empty into the Gulf of Mexico. 
As a general rule, the rivers west of the Brazos are clear 
and swift-running, while those to the east are sluggish 
and burdened with silt, — a variation due to structural 
differences in the country traversed by them. As com- 
mercial highways these streams are of little importance. 
The channels of the eastern rivers are obstructed by 
snags, and their mouths by sand-bars. For much of the 
year there is a scarcity of rainfall west of the Brazos, and 
the rivers of that section shrink to mere rivulets, easily 
fordable. In times of excessive drought they are little 



16 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



more than a succession of water holes. At other seasons 
navigation is impeded by currents and rapids. The 
United States government is clearing and deepening the 
channel of Buffalo River to Houston, and has under con- 
sideration plans for the improvement of the Trinity. 




Fig. 8. 
Peeos River Canyon. Sonthern Pacific Railroad Bridge. 

Chief among the rivers entirely within the state is the 
Brazos, with a drainage basin of 59,000 square miles, an 
area equal to the great state of Georgia. It has its source 
in Lamb County at the foot of the Staked Plains, whence it 
flows in an easterly direction to Baylor County ; thence 
it takes a southeasterly course to Brazoria County, where 
it empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Its length is 950 
miles. It is navigable for light draught boats to Colum- 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



17 



bia, 40 miles inland. Improvements at its mouth have 
made it possible for vessels of heavy draught to load and 
unload at Velasco, 5 miles from deep water. 

Red River, the next in importance to Texans, has its 
source in the Llano Estacado, 2500 feet above sea-level. 
It flows east and then southeast through Arkansas and 
Louisiana into the Mississippi. It forms the northern 
boundary of the state from the 94th to the 100th meridian 
and has a drainage area in Texas of 29,000 square miles. 
Its total length is 1500 miles. It is navigable to Shreve- 
port, Louisiana. Vessels of light draught occasionally 
reach as high as Jefferson, Texas. Red River gets its name 
from the red clay which forms a portion of its bed and colors 
its waters. Its principal tributary is the Big Wichita. 

The Colorado, with its tributaries, constitutes one of the 
oldest drainage systems of the state. Ages ago, when 




Fig. 9. 
Mexican home in the Concho country, near San A.ngelo. 



18 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

the land first appeared above the sea, rivers descended 
from the highlands of the central mineral region. Later 
this land was submerged and thick beds of rock were de- 
posited over it in the sea. When the waters again retired, 
the Colorado and other rivers began their work. Now for 
many miles of its course the Colorado flows through deep 
canyons. Its valley is famous for its beautiful scenery. 
The Colorado takes its rise not far from the head waters of 
the Brazos, at the foot of the Great Plains, and flows in a 
southeasterly direction into Matagorda Bay. It is 900 
miles long and drains an area as large as the state of 
Tennessee. Its principal tributaries are the Concho, 
Llano, and San Saba. Austin, the state capital, is beau- 
tifully situated on the banks of the Colorado, about 200 
miles from its mouth. 

The Trinity River rises in the northern portion of the 
Grand Prairie, and, flowing southeast, nearly parallel to 
the Brazos, enters Galveston Bay about 40 miles from 
the city of Galveston. It is 550 miles in length, and 
drains a country equal to the combined area of the states 
of Vermont and Massachusetts. The cities of Fort Worth 
and Dallas are situated on the Trinity about 250 miles as 
the crow flies from tide-water. Improvements now in 
contemplation by the United States government will makt> 
the Trinity navigable to Dallas. 

The Sabine is a river belonging to the Black Prairie 
drainage. It rises in Hunt and Collin counties, and flows 
southeast till it reaches the intersection of the 94th merid- 
ian and 32nd parallel, when it turns to the south and 
enters the gulf through Sabine Bay. It is 500 miles in 
length and has a drainage area in Texas of 17,000 square 
miles. It owes its name to the Mexicans, who called it 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 19 

" Sabinas," meaning cypress, a forest tree that lines its 
banks. Light draught boats ascend the Sabine as far as 
Logansport, Louisiana. The Sabine traverses the great 
timber district of east Texas and Louisiana, and large 
quantities of logs are floated down it to supply the saw- 
mills of Orange. 



Fig. 10. 
Crossing the Trinity. 

The Rio Grande (Great River) rises in the Rocky 
Mountains, in the southwestern portion of Colorado, 
and after a course of nearly 1800 miles in a gener- 
ally southeast direction, flows into the Gulf of Mexico. 
In all this great distance it receives but one tributary of 
note, the Pecos. The Rio Grande drains a smaller area 
in Texas than any other large river, its basin having 
an average width of less than 15 miles. In its upper 
course it receives a considerable volume of water ; but 



20 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

much of this is drawn off for irrigation purposes, and part 
of what remains sinks into the sands forming its bed, so 
that at El Paso its volume is greatly diminished. For 
many miles south of El Paso the bed of the river is a 
sandy plain, often entirely dry or with water standing in 
pools. At other times torrential rains fill its channel and 
overflow the adjacent country, causing much destruction. 
In its lower reaches rapids are common. Vessels of light 
draught ascend this stream as far as Edinburg in Hidalgo 
County, and in times of high water to Rio Grande city. 

Other rivers of less importance are the Neches, Gua- 
dalupe, San Marcos, San Antonio, Nueces, Pecos, and 
Canadian. 

Lakes. — Texas has no large lakes, but numerous small 
ones, fresh and salt, are found scattered throughout the 
state. Some occur in river bottoms and are fed by the 
flood waters of the streams; others in depressions are fed 
by springs and the drainage of the surrounding country; 
others still are found in "sink-holes." Some of the best- 
known fresh-water lakes are Grand Lake, in Colorado 
County, and Clear Lake, in Harris County. Salt lakes are 
found in Cameron and Hidalgo counties, in the basin be- 
tween the Diablo and Guadalupe mountains, and on the 
" Llano Estacado." Sabinas Lake, in Gaines County, is six 
miles long and four miles wide. 

Climate. — Texas presents three well-pronounced tj^pes 
of climate ; the low, damp, cool climate ; the low, damp, 
warm climate : and the high, dry climate. The north- 
eastern portion of the state presents the flrst; the coast 
country the second, and the elevated districts of west 
Texas the third. Tlie coast country has a mean annual 
temperature of 70° Fahrenheit. Leaving the coast the 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



21 



temperature falls toward the northwest at the rate of 
about one degree for every forty miles, until the mean an- 
nual temperature of 56° is reached in the Panhandle. In 
all parts of the state July is the warmest month of the 
year, and January the coldest. 

The prevailing winds are from the Gulf of jNIexico, except 
in December and January, when northerly winds are most 
frequent. The south winds play an important part in the 
climate of all Texas except the extreme west. During 
the long summers they bring coolness and comfort. In 
the winter they temper 
the cold and give to 
southern Texas the mild- 
est and most delightful 
winters of any state in 
the Union. At irregular 
intervals during the win- 
ter months, cold winds 
or "northers" of sudden 
appearance and great ve- 
locity sweep down upon 
the state from the northwest. Sometimes the Avind is 
accompanied by rain or sleet, when it is known as a " w^et 
norther." Wet northers last only about twenty-four hours, 
but in that time they do much damage to live stock and 
vegetation. Dry northers are invigorating and are con- 
sidered very healthful. 

Moisture, next to temperature, is the most important 
element in the determination of climate. For the year the 
humidity ranges from sixty-seven per cent over the central 
portions of the state to fifty per cent or less in the western 
portion and the Panhandle. The precipitation of this 




Fig. 11. 

A glimpse of the tropics. Fan Palm, 

Galveston. 




MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE. 

(After Gannett.) 



1. 70° to 75°. 

2. 65° to 70°. 



3. 60° to 65°. 

4. 55° to 60°. 




'^Galveston 



MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL. 

(After Gaunett.) 

1. 50 to GO inches. 3. 30 to 40 inches. 

2. 40 to 50 inches. 4. 20 to 30 inches. 

5. 10 to 20 inches. 



24 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



moisture as rainfall is greatest over the eastern portion of 
the state, where it exceeds fifty inches annually. This 
diminishes toward the west over central Texas at the rate 
of about five inches in sixty miles, and over the southern 
and northern portions five inches in twenty-five miles. At 
El Paso only about ten inches fall annually. Beyond the 
line of twenty inches agriculture cannot be carried on suc- 




FiG. 12. 
Rice field near Beaumont. 

cessfully without irrigation, and this line follows closely 
tlie base of the Llano Estacado. The rainfall of the east- 
ern portion of the state comes mainly from the Gulf of 
Mexico and in the winter months ; while that of the west- 
ern part comes chiefly from the Pacific and in summer. 
February and July are usually the months of smallest 
rainfall, and May and September of the heaviest. 

Soil. — Texas has a great variety of soils of wonderful 
fertility. There is scarcely a known crop that may not 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 25 

find somewhere in the state a soil suited to its needs. All 
the prime crops of the United States may be grown here in 
the greatest perfection. Fertilizers are almost unknown. 
Thousands of acres that have been under continuous 
cultivation for sixty years or more show as good returns 
as when the first crops were planted. 

The principal soils are classified as black waxy, black 
sandy, red sandy, gray sandy, and alluvial. The black 



Fig. 13. 
Threshing rice. 

waxy, so called from its color and its waxy character when 
wet, is the richest and most durable. It varies from one foot 
to several feet in thickness and is not so greatly affected 
by washing as other soils are. It is specially adapted 
to the growth of grain and cotton. This is the soil of 
the Black Prairie region. The black sandy soil is charac- 
teristic of the southern portion of the coastal plain. It is 
easily cultivated and very productive, and is specially 
adapted to the growth of rice and sugar-cane. It is also 



26 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

a congenial soil for the growing of fruits and garden 
crops. The red and the gray sandy lands of East Texas 
have long been famous for their richness and their adap- 
tability to fruit culture. Both the black sandy and the 
red sandy require great care in cultivation to prevent 
washing. The main bodies of the alluvial soils are con- 
nected with the river systems — the Red, Trinity, Brazos, 
Colorado, etc. These soils vary in quality according to 
the territory drained by their respective streams. Thus, 
the soils east of the Brazos are of a waxy consistency and 
stiffer than those of the Brazos and streams westward that 
drain the sandy lands of the Great Plains. Of all the 
alluvial lands, those of the Brazos bottom are considered 
most valuable. In places the soil is said to be fifty feet 
in depth, and its fertility is constantly renewed by deposits 
of silt left by the periodical inundations of the river. 
Deposits half an inch or more in thickness have been 
made by a single overflow. In the northern sections of 
the state the alluvial soils produce large crops of corn ; 
in the southern portions, cotton, sugar-cane, and rice in 
the greatest perfection. 

Forests. — The forests of Texas are one of the chief 
sources of the state's wealth and prosperity. The wooded 
area embraces 64,000 square miles, the largest area of 
the kind in any state of the Union. The principal forest 
growth is confined to the Eastern Province and the 
northern portion of the Southern Province. It consists 
mainly of pines of the long-leaf and short-leaf varieties. 
The long-leaf pine belt extends along the eastern border 
of the state from Harrison County to within twenty 
miles of the Gulf, covering about 25,000,000 acres. 
These forests form the basis of the yellow pine lumber 




TIMBER REGIONS OF TEXAS. 

(After Gannett.) 

1. East Texas Timber Belt. 

2. Eastern Cross Timbers. 

3. Western Cross Timbers. 



28 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



industry of Texas, and are the source of supply for the 
building material of the untimbered portions of the state, 
as well as for Oklahoma, Kansas, and other Western prairie 
states. 

The long-leaf pine is succeeded on the north by forests 
of the short-leaf pine, interspersed with various hard 




Fig. 14. 
Long-leaf pine forest. Loading logs to be transported to lumber mill. 

woods, such as oak, hickory, maple, ash, and poplar. 
Toward the western margin of the wooded area the pine 
disappears and the hard woods predominate. In the 
swampy bottoms of the Trinity, Neches, and Sabine large 
bodies of cypress are found. The pecan is found on nearly 
all the streams, but thrives best in the Central and East 
Central provinces. The wood of the pecan is white, 
tough, and durable, and is used largely in the manu- 
facture of agricultural implements, such as tool handles, 
wagon axletrees, etc. The gathering of pecan nuts is an 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 29 

important industry. The valuable bois d'arc and walnut 
are common along the streams of East Texas. 

The Eastern and Western Cross Timbers are two belts 
of stunted black-jack and post-oak which extend in an 
irreofular manner across the East Central Province from 
Red River to the Brazos and the Colorado. The former 
marks the western boundary of the Black Prairie, and, 
varying in width from 10 to 15 miles, reaches as far 
south as Waco, a distance of 150 miles ; the latter, follow- 
ing the western margin of the Grand Prairie, and varying 
in width from half a mile to 10 miles, extends to Austin. 
Tlie timber has no lumber value and is used only for 
firewood and other minor purposes. As has been said, 
mesquite is widely scattered through the semi-arid dis- 
trict, but it is only of local importance. Mountain pine 
is cut on the Guadalupe Mountains. 

Review Questions. — Make a drainage map of Texas, showing 
the principal rivers. In what direction do the rivers flow? Why? 
State two differences between the rivers that are east of the Brazos 
and those that are west. Account for these differences. What im- 
portance have the rivers of Texas as commercial highways ? What 
is the United States government doing to improve them ? What 
rivers form part of the boundaries of the state? Name the eight 
most important rivers in their order, from east to west across the 
state. Where are there lakes in Texas? Give the origin of these 
lakes. State the cause of the alternation of floods and low water in 
Brazos, Rio Grande, and other Western rivers. Account for the exceed- 
ing fertility of the Brazos bottoms. As a ride the Texas rivers empty 
into the Gulf of Mexico ; mention two exceptions to this rule. De- 
scribe the Brazos, the Colorado, the San Marcos, the Trinity, the Rio 
Grande. Name the principal classes of soils and the crops for which 
each is adapted. How large is the wooded area of Texas ? Where is 
the principal forest growth ? Locate the long-leaf pine belt ; the 
short-leaf pine belt ; the hard wood belt. AVhere is the cypress found ? 
the pecan ? Mention two valuable uses of the pecan. Locate and 
describe the Eastern and Western Cross Timbers. 



30 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 

Texas is, above everything else, an agricultural state, 
her chief source of wealth being in her farms. Tillage of 
the soil forms the chief industry of her people. The 




Fig. 15. 
Cotton gin with wagons in waiting, Ellis County. 

farms of the state number 352,190, and are valued at 
1691,773,613. The total value of farm products is 
1240,000,000, nearly |80 for every man, woman, and 
child in the state. 

The agricultural region extends from the eastern 
border to the foot of the Llano Estacado ; but any part 



AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 31 

of the state could be brought into cultivation by means 
of irrigation. 

The great agricultural staples are, in the order of their 
importance : cotton, corn, wheat, oats, hay, rice, fruits 
and garden truck, rye, and barley. 

Cotton. — Texas stands first among the states of the 
Union in the production of this staple. The annual 
cotton crop amounts to more than 3,000,000 bales, 
valued at $150,000,000. The cotton region lies east of 
the 100th meridian and embraces 50,000 square miles, an 
area as large as the state of Alabama. All the counties 
in this district i-aise cotton to a greater or less extent. 
Ellis County has the greatest acreage, closely followed by 
McLennan, Fannin, Hill, Navarro, Williamson, Falls, 
Milam, and Bell. 

Corn may be grown in almost every county in the state, 
but it reaches its greatest perfection in the tier of counties 
along Red River, between the 95th and 97th meridians 
and immediately south. Grayson County takes the lead 
in its production, and next in order come Collin, Ellis, 
Washington, Williamson, Hill, and Dallas. The crop 
for 1901 amounted to more than 81,000,000 bushels, 
valued at -$38,000,000. 

Wheat. — Of wheat, Texas produces annually 20,000,000 
bushels. The wheat region lies north and west of Fort 
Worth and Dallas and embraces an area as large as the 
state of Ohio. Collin County takes the lead in the 
production of this cereal, closely followed by Denton, 
Tarrant, Grayson, and Dallas. 

Rice. — The rice belt embraces an area as large as the 
state of South Carolina. It extends along the coast from 
the Sabine River to the Rio Grande, and into the interior 



32 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



80 to 100 miles. The most extensive areas under cultiva- 
tion are near Beaumont, Jefferson County, and the valley 
of the Colorado in Wharton County. The crop amounts 
to 1,000,000 bags annually, valued at 13,500,000. 

Sugar. — The alluvial lands of the lower Brazos, the 
Trinity, the Colorado, and the Guadalupe, embracing an 
area of 1,000,000 acres, are among the finest sugar lands 
in the United States. The sugar industry, however, has 




Fig. 1G. 
Harvesting wheat, Jack County. 

not yet developed to very large proportions. Much the 
larger part of the cane now grown is converted into sirup. 
Fort Bend County leads in the production of this staple, 
Brazoria County ranking second. 

Fruits. — Texas is becoming widely known as a fruit- 
producing country, The northern section of the state is 
adapted to the raising of apples, the coast country to pears, 
while the peaches of east Texas are the finest in the world. 
Smith, Wood, and Anderson counties in the order named 
are the chief centres of the peach industry. Figs are 



AOBICULTUnA L UsTBUSTniES 




Fig. 17. 
Gathering tomatoes, Smith County. 

grown in perfection near the coast. The country along 
the Rio Grande is famous for its grapes. 

Trucking. — The raising of small fruits and vegetables 
for the northern markets is a great and growing industry. 
More than ten thousand car loads of truck, consisting of 
strawberries, cantaloupes, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, cu- 
cumbers, onions, etc., were shipped from the state in 1901. 
Tyler, Lindale, Alvin, Beeville, Jacksonville, Weather- 
ford, and Corpus Christi are shipping points for these 
products. 

Hay. — The harvesting of hay is an important industry 
in Kaufman and surrounding counties. Forney, Kauf- 
man County is the principal centre of this industry. 



84 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



Tobacco is grown in ninety-eight counties of the state, 
Montgomery County leading. Willis in this county is 
the centre of this industry. The product of this section 
is said to be equal in all respects to Cuban tobacco, espe- 
cially for the manufacture of cigars. 

Agricultukal Products 





Amount 


Value 


Cottou (bales) 


3,500,000 


1157,500,000 


Corn (bushels) 




.- 






81,96-2,910 


38,522,568 


Wheat (bushels) 












23,395,913 


14,973,384 


Oats (bushels) 












28,278,232 


8,483,470 


Rice (barrels) 












1,000,000 


3,500,000 


Barley (bushels) 












50,405 


36,292 


Rye (bushels) 












64,630 


43,302 


Hay (tons) . 












548,879 


3,732,377 


Garden truck (cars) .... 


10,000 


7,674,798 



RANCHING 

Next to agriculture, ranching — the raising of cattle 
and sheep on large grazing preserves — is the most im- 
portant industry of Texas. Western Texas, the Plains 
region, is peculiarly adapted to this pursuit. By reason 
of the scant rainfall agriculture is forbidden; but there 
is sufficient precipitation to sustain an abundant growth 
of nutritious grasses which afford pasturage for immense 
herds of cattle and sheep. In the number and extent of 
its ranches, Texas leads all the other states. There are 
several thousand of these ranches, varying in size from a 



ttANCBINQ 



35 




Fig. 18. 
Cattle Ranch, Tom Green County. 




Fig. 19. 
The round-up. 



S6 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



few thousand acres to several millions. The largest is 
the "X. I. T." ranch in the Panhandle, which embraces 
several counties and contains nearly 3,000,000 acres, an 
area as large as the state of Connecticut. More than 
100,000 head of cattle range over this great tract. When 
ready for market, they are shipped to Kansas City, St. Louis, 
and Chicago, where they are slaughtered and the meat is 




Fig. 20. 
Buffaloes on the Gooduiglit Ranch, Panhandle. 



packed to be sent to all parts of the world. More than 
180,000,000 worth of live stock are shipped out of the 
state every year. 

Since the introduction of cottonseed oil mills and the 
consequent production of the by-products, meal and hulls, 
which are valuable cattle food, the fattening of cattle on 
farms has become an important industry. 



BANCHING 



37 




Fig. 21. 
Sheep ranch, Coleman. 

Number and Value of Live Stock 





Number 


Value 


Cattle 


4,887,795 


$85,570,022 


Milch Cows 


763,173 


19,270,127 


Swine 


2,418,032 


11,256,020 


Sheep 


2,657,393 


5,097,469 


Horses 


1,238,209 


25,858,147 


Mules 


286,618 


10,082,645 



Review Questions. — Name the great agricultural staples in the 
order of their importance. Shade an outline maj) so as to show the 
wheat region ; the rice region; the chief corn region. What is truck- 
ing V What are the chief products of this industry ? Mention three 
trucking centres. Where are large quantities of hay harvested? 
Name five cities where flour is manufactured. How does Texas rank 
as a cotton-producing state ? Shade an outline map so as to show the 
cotton belt. Name the counties that take the lead in the production 
of cotton ; what is the annual value of the state's cotton crop? Name 
the counties that lead in the production of corn. What is the annual 
value of the corn crop? What county leads in the production of 
sugar? Where is tobacco grown? What is ranching? Color an 
outline map so as to show the area devoted to this industry. How 
does Texas rank as a cattle-producing state ? Locate the " X. I. T." 
ranch. 



38 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 







:^ 


^ 


?_e^ _^ 






■•' ^'^iil 


i 


i^- 




>' 


T 




1 


j^m^ 


&!^ 


^K 


3 


^tJ^BBl 


I^^IH^g^l^^^^'^ 


IHBr 


^^H 


s 


^B 



Fig. 22. 
Prize sheep. 




Fig. 23. 
Sheariug sheep, Concho country. 



FISHERIES— RAILROADS 



FISHERIES 



This industry is yet in its infancy, and is restricted 
almost entirely to the bays and estuaries along the coast. 
The bay seine fishery is the most important. The prin- 
cipal species of fish taken by means of the seines are 
sheepshead, croakers, sea-trout, Spanish mackerel, pom- 
pano, mullet, rockfish, jewfish, and whiting. The trout is 
generally considered the finest for the table. A line of 
vessels from Galveston is engaged in " outside fishing " 
on the red snapper banks of the Gulf of Mexico, and has 
built up a considerable trade with points in the interior. 

Oyster reefs are found in all the bays, and at the mouths 
of rivers along the coast. Matagorda Bay has the finest 
oysters, but the greatest catch is taken from Galveston 
Bay. 

Review Questions. — Where are the fisheries of Texas principally 
carried on ? What is the chief fishery ? What are the principal food 
fish taken? Where is outside fishing carried on? Where are the 
United States fish hatcheries located. Locate the principal oyster 
beds of the state. 

RAILROADS 

One of the most important factors in the development 
of the state has been the railroad. The first road in Texas 
was commenced in Harrisburg in 1852, and compileted to 
Richmond in 1855. Texas is now (1903) the second state 
in railroad mileage, being surpassed only by Illinois. 
Sixty-eight roads now traverse the state, having an aggre- 
gate mileage of 10,616 miles. Two great trunk lines — 
the Texas and Pacific, and the Southern Pacific — cross 



40 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



the state east and Avest ; three others — the Gulf, Colo- 
rado, and Santa Fe, the Houston and Texas Central, and 
the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas — run north and south ; 
and the International and Great Northern crosses diago- 
nally from Texarkana to Laredo. These lines, with their 










Fig. 24. 
Union Passenger Station, Fort Worth. 



branches and connections, reach all the principal points 
in the state, and afford excellent facilities for trade and 
travel. 

The area of greatest railroad development follows 
closely that of greatest density of population. Accord- 
ingly, it will be observed that the best railroad facilities 
are afforded in the black land district of central Texas. 



RAILROADS 



41 



A very large proportion of the 
mileage is included in the strip 
of country between Texarkana 
and Fort Worth, and from the 
latter place to Galveston. 

The north and south lines 
are the outlet for the immense 
grain trade of the Western 
and Northwestern states, which 
within the last few years has 
made Galveston the first wheat- 
exporting city in the United 
States. A vast transconti- 
nental and interoceanic trade 
is carried on over the lines of 
the Southern Pacific, Avhich, 
with their water connections 
at Galveston, form one of the 
greatest commercial highways 
in the world. The Interna- 
tional and Great Northern, 
connecting Avith the Mexican 
National at Laredo, commands 
the trade of our sister republic 
on the south. 

The greatest railroad centres 
of the state are Fort Worth, 
Dallas, Greenville, Waco, 
Houston, and Galveston. 

Review Questions. — How does 
Texas rank among the states as to 
railroad mileage ? When and where 




t,-m 



i- i 



f.M-C 



/ '"If 






f 



» 



42 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

was the first line of railroad built? How many miles of railroad in 
the state V Name two trunk lines crossing the state east and west. 
Indicate the course of these roads by dotted lines on an outline map. 
Locate the most important cities through which they pass. Name 
three north and south lines and indicate same on map. What is the 
character of the trade carried on over the north and south lines? 
The east and west lines? Name the two most important railroad 
centres of north Texas ; of south Texas. What section of the state 
has the best railroad facilities ? How do you account for this ? 



MANUFACTURING 

Texas is known chiefly as an agricultural and a stock- 
raising state. But, by reason of an abundance of raw 
materials and a practically unlimited supply of cheap fuel, 
the state is rapidly forging to the front in the manufac- 
turing industry. For the year 1900, there were reported 
to be in the state 16,245 manufacturing establishments, 
with a capital of $90,433,882, and an earning capacity of 
$83,639,058. Lumber, cotton, and wheat form the basis 
of the industry. Mentioned in their order, the six most 
important manufactures are : (1) lumber manufacturing, 
including sash, doors, blinds, etc. ; (2) the manufacture of 
cottonseed oil and cake ; (3) flour and gristmill products ; 
(4) the construction and repair of railroad cars ; (5) cot- 
ton ginning ; (6) foundry and machine-shop products. 

The lumber industry is confined almost entirely to the 
eastern border counties, from Bowie on the north to Jef- 
ferson and Harris on the south. More than two hundred 
sawmills are in operation in this section, producing annu- 
ally lumber to the value of $16,000,000. One company 
alone cuts 250,000,000 feet every year and supports a 
population of 15,000 people. The principal centres of this 
industry are Houston, Harris County, Beaumont, Jeffer- 



MAN UFA CTURING 



43 



son County, and Orange, Orange County. Large plan- 
ing mills and factories for the manufacture of sash, doors, 
and blinds are in operation in these and other cities. 




Fig. 2G. 
Lumber mill, Beaumout. 

The manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake is second 
only to the lumber industry in importance. For many 
years it was thought that the lint was the only valuable 
product of cotton. The seed were usually thrown away, 
or used in small quantities to feed milch cows. But 
to-day all this is changed, and there is scarcely a part of 
the plant that is not utilized. Cotton roots furnish a use- 
ful drug ; bagging and rope are made from the stalk ; the 
seed furnishes a variety of products — hulls, meal, and 
oil, the last being the most important. Cottonseed oil 
is used as a substitute for lard and olive oil, and for the 



44 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



manufacture of soaps. Cottonseed meal, the residue 
after the removal of the oil, is a valuable food stuff for 
cattle, exceeding in this respect either corn or wheat. It 
is also extensively used as a fertilizer. The hulls have 
been found to be a good substitute for hay. They are 
also an excellent fuel, two and a half tons of hulls being 
equal to a cord of wood. Cotton-hull ashes are valuable 
as a fertilizer, especially in tobacco growing. 

Texas produces annually 25,000,000 gallons of cotton- 
seed oil, one-fourth the entire output of the United States. 
It finds a ready sale in all the markets of the Avorhl. 
Large quantities are shipped through Galveston to Medi- 
terranean ports. Cottonseed oil mills are found in almost 
every large town in the cotton belt. 

The manufacture of cotton cloth is fast becoming an 
important industry in Texas. Large mills are located at 

Dallas, Denison, 
Sherman, Wax- 
ahachie. Hills- 
bo r o , Waco, 
Bonham, Gon- 
zales, Corsicana, 
and other places. 
Texas being a 
great corn and 
wheat produc- 
ing state, the 
manufacture of 
flour and grist mill products has become an important 
industry. Extensive flour mills are in operation at Wichita 
Falls, Sherman, Bonham, Greenville, Denton, Fort Worth, 
Dallas, Galveston, and other places in the grain belt. 




Fig. 27. 
Cotton mills, Waco. 



MANUFACTURING 45 

Ginning plants for separating lint cotton from the seed 
are found in almost every village, town, and city in the 
cotton belt and on many large plantations. Nearly 
3,000,000 bales of cotton are ginned annually. Some of 
the largest ginneries are to be found at Corsicana, Waxa- 
hachie, Waco, Farmersville, and Granger. In this indus- 
try, and in the manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake, 
Texas ranks first among the states. 

The great railway mileage in Texas necessitates machine 
shops for the manufacture and repair of railroad cars, 
engines, etc. ; and large plants of this character have been 
established at Marshall, Tyler, Palestine, Cleburne, Deni- 
son, Greenville, and other places. 

To utilize the surplus products of orchards and gardens 
canning factories have sprung up all over the state. 
Jacksonville, Tyler, Lindale, are important centres of this 
industry. 

Large sugar refineries are located at Sugarland, Fort 
Bend County, Eagle Lake, Colorado County, Shepherd, 
San Jacinto County, and other places. The manufacture 
of saddlery and harness is extensively carried on in Dallas, 
Fort Worth, Waco, and San Antonio. 

The manufacture of books and stationery is an important 
industry in Galveston, Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio. 
Dallas is the centre of a large publishing business. 

Petroleum refineries are located at Corsicana and Port 
Arthur. 

Large packing houses are in operation at Fort Worth, 
Dallas, and other places. 

Extensive brick yards are located at Virginia Point and 
Cedar Bayou, near Galveston ; Harrisburg, Houston, 
Dallas, Laredo, Calaveras near San Antonio, Elgin, and 



46 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



many other places. Elgin pressed brick is said to rival 
the Philadelphia brick. 

A paving-brick establishment is in operation at Garrison, 
Nacogdoches County. Fire bricks are manufactured at 

Flatonio, Kosse, 

and Athens. 
Charcoal fur- 
naces are manu- 
f a c t u r e d at 
Harrisburg. 

Potteries for 
m a k i n g ordi- 
nary stone ware, 
curbing, flower 
pots, and sewer 
pipe are located 
at Athens, Weatherford, Denton, McDade, Henderson, 
Texarkana, Ladonia, Elmsdorf, and other places. 

Salt is manufactured at Colorado, Mitchell County, and 
Grand Saline, Van Zandt County. 

Almost every town of any importance in the state has 
a Avell-equipped ice factory. Large quantities of ice are 
used in refrigerator cars employed in the shipment of 
fruit and vegetables. 




Fig. 28. 
Packing house, Fort Worth. 



Review Questions. — What conditions favor manufacturing in 
Texas? Name the greatest manufacturing city of the state. What 
products form the basis of the manufacturing industry in the state? 
Mention the six most important branches of the industry. Where is 
the lumber industry carried on? What is the annual output of this 
industry ? Mention three important centres of the industry. Name 
the by-products of cotton. For what are they used ? In what city is 
the largest cottonseed oil mill in the world ? What is the annual 
production of cottonseed oil? Mention five cities where cotton mills 



MINERAL BESOURCES 



47 



are located. AVhere are some of the largest ginneries ? The most 
extensive canning factories? Sugar refineries? Packing houses? 
Petroleum refineries ? What city is noted for the manufacture of sad- 
dlery and harness ? Mention a large publishing centre. Where are 
bricks manufactured? Paving tiles ? Fire brick ? Mention five towns 
where potteries are located. 



MINERAL RESOURCES 

Although only slightly developed, the mineral resources 
of Texas are of great value. Of the metallic group, ores 
of gold, silver, iron, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, and 
quicksilver have been found in workable quantities. 




Fig. 29. 
Smelting works, El Paso. 

Iron-ore beds of great extent and richness are found 
in east Texas and in the central mineral region (see 
p. 10). The ores of the latter are said to be equal to any 
in America. Furnaces for the reduction of the east Texas 
ores are in operation at Rusk, Cherokee County, and at 



48 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



Jefferson, Marion County ; and in the central district at 
Bessemer on the Austin and Northwestern Railroad. Iron 
has also been discovered in the Trans-Pecos. 

The deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc ores 
are confined to the central mineral district and the Trans- 
Pecos. Gold and silver occur " free " and in connection 
with the ores of the other metals. A silver mine, with a 
capacity of one thousand ounces per day, is in operation at 




Fig. 30. 
Salt works, Grand Saline, Van Zandt County. 

Shafter, Presidio County. Copper, in paying quantities, is 
taken from the Hazel mine in tlie Diablo Mountains. 
Large quantities of salt are produced at Colorado, Mitch- 
ell County, and Grand Saline, Van Zandt County. Other 
salines are found in Smith, Anderson, and Freestone 
counties. 

The gypsum deposits of the Abilene country are among 
the purest and most extensive in the world. 

Extensive clay beds are found in all sections of the 
state, of all varieties and qualities, from common brick 




MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE TEXAS REGION. 



1. Oil. 

2. Salt. 

3. Gypsum. •_ 

4. Precious metals. 

5. Coal. 



6. Granite. 

7. Lignite. 

8. Asphaltum. 

9. Sulphur. 
10. Cinnabar. 



Permission U.S. Geological Survey. 



50 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

clay to the finest porcelain clay. The kaolins, or china 
clays, of Edwards and Uvalde counties are among the best 
in the world. Beds of a quality suitable for the lower 
grades of earthenware occur in various localities from 
Angelina to Atascosa County. Potteries are in operation 
at Athens, Texarkana, Weatherford, Henderson, and other 
places. 

Quicksilver in good deposits is found in the south- 
western part of Brewster County, in the Trans-Pecos, and 
a number of furnaces have been built for the reduction of 
the ores. A flourishing settlement has sprung up at Ter- 
lingua, where the mines are located. 

Asphaltum is known to exist in Montague, Cooke, An- 
derson, Burnet, and Uvalde counties, and throughout the 
Neches valley in east Texas. It occurs in tar springs, as 
in the Sour Lakes of Hardin County ; the main deposits, 
however, consist of beds of sand, sandstone, and limestone 
impregnated with bitumen. A plant for the utilization 
of the product is in operation at Carbon ville, Uvalde 
County. Asphaltum from these works has been used for 
paving purposes in San Antonio, Houston, Waco, and 
other places. 

Building stones of great variety are found in almost 
every county in the state. Sandstone, limestone, marble, 
and granite are abundant. The granite quarries of Bur- 
net County furnished the material for the magnificent 
capitol building at Austin, and for the Galveston sea wall 
and jetties. 

Coal and Petroleum. — The Texas coals are principally 
of two kinds, lignite and bituminous. Lignite is inter- 
mediate between peat and bituminous coal. It has more 
carbon and less water than the former, but more water 



MINERAL RESOURCES 



51 



than the hitter. Lignite varies in color from brown to 
brilliant jet-black. It occurs in beds varying in thickness 
from three to twelve feet, and is found in nearly all of the 
fifty-two counties extending diag- 
onally across the sta,te from Red 
River County to Webb County 
on the Rio Grande. The principal 
mines now in operation are the 
Santo Tomas, near Laredo, tlie 
Vogel, in Milam County, and 
Calvert Bluff, in Robertson 
County. 

Two workable seams of bitu- 
minous coal are found in the 
northern portion of the state, be- 
ginning in Montague and Wise 
counties, and extending south- 
west through Jack, Palo Pinto, 
and Stephens counties, and finally 
disappearing in Eastland and 
Erath counties. Mines are in 
operation at Strawn, Palo Pinto 
County, Thurber, Erath County, 
and at some other places. 

A third coal seam, known as 
the Eagle Pass coal field, lies 
along the Rio Grande, from Eagle 
Pass to Laredo. The Hartz mine, 
near Eagle Pass, is the largest producer in this district. 

It is estimated that the coal district of Texas embraces 
40,000 square miles, an area as large as the state of 
Ohio. 




Fig. 31. 

An oil "gusher," Spindle Top 

oil field, Beaumont. 



52 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 32. 
A forest of "gushers," Spindle Top Oil Field, Beaumont. 

In 1880 Texas produced no coal. In 1890 the output 
was in excess of 100,000 tons, and in 1900, 1,000,000 tons. 

Petroleum has been found at many places in Texas : 
Elgin, Lockhart, Sour Lake, San Antonio, Nacogdoches, 
Corsicana, and Beaumont. 

Oil was discovered in the Corsicana field in 1894, in a 
well that was being bored for artesian water. More than 
600 wells are now producing, with an annual output of 
1,000,000 barrels. Two grades of oil occur in this dis- 
trict, an illuminating oil, and a heavy oil which is used 
for fuel and for lubricating purposes. A large refinery 
has been established at Corsicana to prepare the illuminant 
for the market. 

The Spindle Top oil field, near Beaumont, is one of the 
most famous in the world. Oil was struck in this terri- 
tory on January 10, 1901. More than 300 wells are now 
(1903) producing. Many of these wells are spouting wells, 
known locally as "gushers." When the wells are un- 
capped, the oil is thrown out with great violence to the 
height of 100 feet or more. The producing capacity of 
a " gusher " is remarkable — from 25,000 to 50,000 barrels 
daily. Nine of these wells, flowing at their full capacity, 



MINERAL RESOURCES 53 

would produce more oil than all the other wells in the 
United States combined. 

The Beaumont oil is of a heavy grade, suitable for fuel 
and for lubricating purposes. 

Artesian and Mineral Waters. — No life, animal or vege- 
table, can exist without water, and it is the presence or 
absence of this element that determines the fitness of a 
country for human habitation. Texas is fortunate in hav- 
ing an abundant water supply, obtained from artesian 
wells and surface wells. The artesian water belt, embrac- 
ing the Eastern, Southern, and East Central provinces, an 
area of 120,000 square miles, is one of the most extensive 
and productive in the world. Hundreds of wells have 
been sunk in all parts of this district, from which water 
of the purest quality and in unlimited quantities is ob- 
tained. Many cities and towns derive their supply from 
this source, notably, Galveston, Houston, Waco, Dallas, 
Corsicana, Marlin, Denton, Belton, Hillsboro, and Temple. 
These waters are also being utilized on ranches and farms 
for domestic purposes and for irrigation. 

The wells vary in depth from 500 to 2000 feet. Some 
of them are flowing, while others are non-flowing. The 
daily capacity of an average flowing well ranges from 
75,000 to 800,000 gallons, but tliere are several at Waco 
that flow more than 1,000,000 gallons. In some instances 
the waters are hot, as at Waco, San Antonio, and Marlin, 
and possess valuable medicinal properties. At places these 
underground waters find their way to the surface in great 
springs, as at Del Rio, San Antonio, San Marcos, and 
Cedar Springs. The largest of these springs, at the head 
of the San Antonio River, flows the enormous volume of 
23,000 gallons a minute. 




.Dal his. ^ 
Abilene ^^t'uWyuMi 



i-- 




Waco 



Viistii 



rTp Hoiist<»ii\ '' 



Galveston 



'A 



ARTESIAN WATER BELT. 

(After HiU.) 



POLITICAL 1>IVISI0NS — POPULATION 5^ 

Water from surface wells is abundant in most parts of 
the state. 

Texas is the leading state in the Union in the produc- 
tion of mineral waters, the output for the year 1899 being 
4,729,950 gallons. The waters are found both in springs 
and in dug or bored wells. Some of the wells are artesian. 
Among the most noted wells and springs are the follow- 
ing : Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County ; Wooten Wells, 
Robertson County ; Elkhart Mineral Wells, Anderson 
County ; Palo Pinto Crystal Wells, Palo Pinto County ; 
Marlin Hot Wells, Falls County ; Dulnig Mineral Wells, 
Bexar County ; Sour Lake Mineral Springs, Hardin 
County ; Lampasas Springs, Lampasas County. 

Review Questions. — Name the most important mineral products 
of Texas. What two kinds of coal are found in the state ? Tell the 
difference between them. Show b}' shading an outline map the loca- 
tion of the coal fields. At what places is coal mined? In what parts 
of the state is petroleum found ? What is a " gusher " ? What two 
grades of oil are found in the state? For what is Beaumont oil 
chiefly used ? Where are oil refineries located? Locate the iron district 
of the state. AViiere is copper found ? The precious metals ? Where 
is salt mined ? What useful building stones are found in the state ? 
Locate the principal granite quarries. Show by shading an outline 
map the location of the artesian water belt of the state ? How does 
Texas rank in the production of mineral waters ? Name and locate 
some of the most famous mineral wells and springs. 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POPULATION 

The original counties of the state of Texas were 
twenty-three in number : Austin, Bexar, Columbia (now 
Brazoria), Colorado, Goliad, Gonzales, Harrisburg (now 
Harris), Bevil (now Jasper), Jackson, Jefferson, Lib- 
erty, Matagorda, Viesca (now Milam), Mina (now Bas- 



66 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



trop), Nacogdoches, Red River, Refugio, Sabine, San 
Patricio, Shelby (once Tenaha), Victoria, and Washing- 
ton, There are now (1903) 246 counties. The largest, 
El Paso County, with an area of 8i60 square miles, is 
about equal in size to the state of Massachusetts. Rock- 
wall is the smallest county. According to the census of 
1900 the twelve most populous counties in order of their 
rank are Dallas, Bexar, Harris, Grayson, McLennan, Tar- 
rant, Fannin, Collin, Ellis, Lamar, Travis, and Hunt. It 
will be observed that nearly all of these counties are situ- 
ated in the Black Prairie Region, where also are found 
most of the largest cities. 

The population of Texas in 1900 was 3,048,710, a den- 
sity of 11.6 to the square mile. Were the density the 
same as that of New York State, it would liave a popula- 
tion of 33,753,060. 



Density of Population : Texas. 
11.6 to square mile. 



Density of Population : New York. 
127 to square mile. 



Cities. — In the same year there were sixteen cities 

having a population exceeding 8000. The following table 

shows the population of the eight largest cities : — 

San Antonio 53,321 

Houston 44,633 

Dallas 42,638 

Galveston 37,789 

FortAVorth 26,688 

Austin 22,258 

Waco 20,686 

El Paso 15,906 




Cl.uciulon 




'■■■":- -,:■-. ''Vl:;:: ■""•■- ,\v,i ■- - ' 




DENSITY OF POPULATION. 

(After Gannett.) 



1. 2 to 6 to square mile. 

2. 6 to 18 " 

3. 18 to 45 " 

4. 45 to 90 " " 

5. Under 2 " " " 



68 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



San Antonio, the " Alamo City," is tlie oldest as well 
as the largest city in the state. It is also the most inter- 
esting. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1730, sixteen 
families from the Canary Islands settling at that time on 
what is now known as Main Plaza. When the Spanish 
power was overthrown (1821), San Antonio became the 



m 


f^ - ^ 


iMm^^m^^"^Hm*^^amm 





FiCx. 33. 

Alamo Plaza, San Antonio. Alamo on the right. U.S. Government Building 
in the background. 

capital and chief city of the Mexican province of Texas. 
In the war for Texas independence, eight battles were 
fought in and around San Antonio. Here is located the 
famous church of the Alamo, immortalized by the brave 
defence of Travis and his little band of lieroes in the 
Texas Revolution. In the vicinity are the old '' missions " 
established by the Spaniards two hundred years ago for 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POPULATION 59 

the conversion of the Indians. The "missions" are now 
in ruins, but interesting from past associations. 

San Antonio is situated in a fertile valley through 
which flow the San Antonio and San Pedro rivers, sur- 
rounded by an amphitheatre of hills which give it a most 
picturesque appearance. It is beautifully and regularly 
laid out, and has all the appointments of a modern, up-to- 
date city. A feature that distinguishes San Antonio from 
other American cities are its numerous public gardens and 
plazas. TJiese are scattered at random throughout the 
city, and while affording a pleasing variety, furnish much- 
needed breathing space, and recreation grounds for the 
people. No more charming place can be found than 
the natural park surrounding the celebrated San Pedro 
springs. 

San Antonio is the chief trade centre and distributing 
point of the southwest. It is an important live-stock and 
wool depot, and the leading pecan market in the United 
States. Four trunk lines of railroad pass through the 
city, connecting it with all parts of the state and with 
Mexico. San Antonio is department headquarters for the 
United States army in Texas ; and Government Hill, 
where the soldiers' barracks are located, is one of the 
points of interest in the city. San Antonio is a popular 
health resort, its high, dry climate being especially bene- 
ficial to persons suffering from lung troubles. 

Houston, the " Magnolia City," is situated on Buffalo 
River at the head of the tide- water navigation. It is 
the great railroad centre of the state, no less than fifteen 
lines converging here. It is also the centre of the three 
great industries, rice, lumber, and cottonseed oil. Hous- 
ton is the second city in the state in the value of its 



60 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 




Fig. 34. 

Cotton scene, Houston. 



manufactures, the annual output of which is nearly 
111,000,000. The folloAving table shows the six most 
important manufacturing enterprises with the value of 
their products for the year 1900 : — 



Cottonseed, oil and cake 
Cars and general railroad supplies 
Carpentering .... 
Masonry brick and stone . 
Foundry and machine-shop products 
Lumber and planing-mill products 



11,755,549 

1,680,587 

1,093,416 

419,199 

319,543 

256,980 



Houston was founded in 1837 by J. K. and A. C. 
Allen and named in honor of General Sam Houston. A 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POP ULA TION 



61 



few miles below Houston, at the junction of the San 
Jacinto and Buffalo rivers, is the celebrated battlefield 
of San Jacinto, where General Houston met and routed 
the Mexican army under General Santa Anna, and thus 
achieved the independence of Texas. 



^ 1 












.. 






A^ \ 


i 


J 


* 


1 


,m| 


jL 


kd 


rifti 




H 


^S^l' 


WSSi^Sk 






1 






i 


H 


H 


MM 






1 




i 


^ 


~V,-. 


mn 


Sj 


'.WWl^W^i"^ ~ 




fe«r 


■• 










^^*1 








"-" 













Fig. 35. 
Buffalo Bayou. Water front, Houston. 

Dallas is the commercial metropolis of north Texas. 
It is situated on the Trinity River about 300 miles 
from the Gulf of Mexico, in the heart of the Black 
Prairie Region. The surrounding country is a rich agri- 
cultural section which carries on through Dallas an 
immense trade in agricultural implements and general 
farm supplies. The wholesale trade of the city amounts 
to i36,000,000 annually. Dallas is the leading manufac- 
turing city in the state. Among the most important 
manufacturing establishments are saddlery and harness 
factories, foundries and machine shops, printing and 



62 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



publishing plants, packing houses, cottonseed oil mills 
and cotton mills. Dallas is the second largest distribut- 
ing point for agricultural implements in the world, and 
the first city in the United States in the manufacture of 
saddlery and harness, and ginning machinery. 

The great Texas State Fair and Dallas Exposition is 
held here every year in the month of October, and attracts 
thousands of visitors to the city. 





>. 


«i' 




t^ 




, ^ 




r 




w ,■ . 


' 


r:"-- it- 


..^ 


v^^f'l . ^'1 




^•1'- ii' ■■■ I 


:^ 


i^ v« 'f ^'•"-^•iji 




^r - ■ m^ 


' ,.Wi; 


i ,■-. . 


d 



Fig. 36. 
County courthouse, Dallas. 

. Galveston, the "Oleander City," is the commercial 
and financial centre of the state. It is situated at the 
eastern extremity of Galveston Island, at the entrance to 
the bay of the same name. Galveston has the finest 
harbor on the Gulf of Mexico, and vessels of the heaviest 
draught enter and discharge at its wharves. An immense 
foreign trade is carried on through this port. Thirty-one 



POLITICAL DI VISIONS — POP ULA TION 



63 



lines of steamers connect it with foreign ports, and several 
lines are engaged in the coastwise trade. Galveston stands 
fourth among the cities of the United States in the 
value of its foreign exports. The total business of the 
port for the year 1901-1902 was 1260,837,354. The 




Fig. 37. 

Water frout, Galveston. Cotton sheds in the foreground, with vessels loading 

and unloading. Grain elevators in the distance. 

chief articles of export are cotton and by-products, oil, 
cake, and meal ; breadstuffs, lumber, live stock, ores, and 
metals. The chief imports are coffee, sugar, tropical 
fruits, fibres and manufactures, iron and steel, toys, 
wines, and silks. 

Galveston is the largest primary cotton port in the 



64 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

world, receiving annually more that 2,000,000 bales. It 
is also the largest wheat-exporting point in the United 
States. 

Galveston has excellent railroad faiiilities, six trunk 
lines centring here. The Southern Pacific wharves and 
terminals are among the most extensive in the country. 

The manufactories of the port are important, consisting 
of flour mills, rice mills, a rope and twine factory, car 
repair shops, foundries and machine shops, a sash, door, 
and blind factory. 

Galveston is a popular pleasure resort, and thousands 
of visitors come here every summer to enjoy the invigo- 
rating gulf breezes, the excellent surf-bathing, and driving 
on the finest beach in the world. The harbor of Galveston 
is strongly fortified, and the United States government 
maintains military reservations at the eastern and western 
limits of the city. 

In times past, Galveston has been visited by destructive 
storms which have greatly retarded the growth of the 
city. The last, which occurred September 8, 1900, 
destroyed millions of dollars of property and many thou- 
sand lives. To prevent the recurrence of these calamities, 
a massive sea wall, three miles long and seventeen feet 
high, backed by an embankment of solid earth, is being 
constructed on the seaward side of the island. When 
this work is finished, the grade of the entire city will be 
raised to a height sufficient to secure complete immunity 
from overflow. 

Fort Worth, the '' Panther City," is situated on a high 
plateau overlooking the west fork of Trinity River, thirty- 
two miles west of Dallas. Next to Dallas, Fort Worth 
is the most important railroad centre of north Texas, 



e6 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



eleven lines entering the city and furnishing sixteen out- 
lets for business. An electric line connects it with Dallas. 
Fort Worth is the distributing point for the live stock of 
the great Northwest and of the enormous grain trade of the 
Panhandle. The manufacturing industries of the city are 




Fig. 39. 

Main Street, Fort Worth. Courthouse in the distance. 

important, consisting of saddlery and harness factories, 
cottonseed oil mills, canning factories, flouring mills, and 
packing houses. The city is in the centre of the artesian 
water belt of Texas, and has hundreds of artesian wells, 
which supply an abundance of the purest water for public 
and private enterprises. 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POPULATION 67 

Austin, the capital of the state, is beautifully located 
on a cluster of hills overlooking the Colorado River. It 
is in the same latitude as Jacksonville, Florida, and is a 
little south of Los Angeles, California. The city is regu- 
larly laid out, with broad and imposing avenues which 
lead up to the statehouse after the manner of the city of 
Washington. 

In the midst of the city, on a commanding eminence, 
stands the magnificent capitol building, the pride of every 
Texan, completed at a cost of 3,000,000 acres of public 
lands. It is built of Texas granite, and is the seventh 
largest building in the world. The splendid buildings of 
the State University are situated on College Hill, in the 
northern portion of the city. Other public buildings of 
note, the asylums for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the 
insane, the land office, and the governor's mansion, are all 
beautifully located in different portions of the city. 

Waco, the " Central City of Texas," is situated on the 
right bank of the Brazos River, about four miles from the 
geographical centre of the state. It is the seat of McLen- 
nan County, one of the richest and most productive of the 
black land counties. 

Waco has an extensive trade in agricultural implements, 
grain, live stock, avooI, and cotton. It is one of the largest 
interior cotton markets of the state. Manufacturing is a 
growing industry. Among the establishments in operation 
are flouring mills, oil mills, cotton mills, wagon factory, 
iron foundries, packing houses, and saddle and harness 
factories. 

Waco is noted for her artesian wells. The city water- 
works are supplied from this source. Owing to the large 
number of the wells, and the copiousness of their flow, 



68 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

Waco has become known as the ''Geyser City." Several 
of the wells flow more than 1,000,000 gallons per day. 
These waters have a temperature of 104° Fahrenheit, and 
are said to possess valuable curative properties. 

Waco is a noted educational centre. Baylor University, 
the oldest institution of learning in the state, is located 
here. It is also the seat of Add-Ran University, Academy 
of the Sacred Heart, and Paul Quinn College. 

El Paso, " The Pass," is situated on the Rio Grande, 
in the extreme western corner of the state. It is the centre 
of a rich mineral district, including the Trans-Pecos in 
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the northern states of 
Mexico, and to this circumstance it owes its importance. 
Immense quantities of ores are shipped here, and two large 
smelting plants have been established for their reduction. 

El Paso is the most important railroad centre of the 
Southwest. Eight lines of road enter and pass through 
the city and others are projected. An extensive trade is 
carried on with the Southwest and Avith Mexico and Cali- 
fornia, consisting of mining and milling machinery, ores, 
coal, lumber, vegetables, and fruit. 

Among the manufacturing enterprises of the city are 
two foundries, a carriage and wagon factory, cigar facto- 
ries, and saddlery and harness factories. 

A United States military post is located here. 

Laredo is situated on the Rio Grande, 140 miles 
southwest of San Antonio. It is the terminus of the 
International and Great Northern Railroad, and is an 
important shipping point for the Texas-Mexican trade. 
The principal industries of the surrounding country are 
grape culture and the raising of vegetables. Population, 
13,429. 




rtl .1=. 
O 

2 S 

o 



70 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

Denison, the " Gate City," is three miles from Red 
River in the northern portion of Grayson County. It is 
an important railroad centre, and contains the shops of 
the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railway. Denison carries 
on an extensive trade with the Indian Territor3^ Popula- 
tion, 11,807. 

Shermak, the county seat of Grayson County, has a 
considerable trade in lumber, grain, and cotton. It has 
large flouring mills, pressed brick plants, a packing house, 
a collar factory, a broom factory, cigar factories, and the 
largest cottonseed oil mill in the world. Sherman is an 
important educational centre, nine colleges being located 
here. 

Sherman and Denison are but 10 miles apart, and are 
connected by an electric railway. 

Beaumont, the seat of Jefferson County, is situated on 
the Neches River, 39 miles north of Sabine Pass, and 83 
miles east of Houston. It is one of the great lumber 
markets of the United States. Lumber is shipped 
from here by rail to almost every state in the Union, 
and to Mexico. Large quantities are exported to 
foreign countries through Port Arthur, Sabine Pass, and 
Galveston. The Kirby Lumber Company, of Beaumont, 
is one of the largest lumber manufacturers in the world, 
the capacity of its mills being 400,000,000 feet annually. 

Beaumont is also the centre of the rice and oil indus- 
tries of east Texas. Three miles from the city are the 
celebrated Spindle Top oil fields, which have made the 
name of Beaumont famous all over the world. Beaumont, 
since the oil strike, has a population estimated at 15,000 
to 20,000. With the three great industries — lumber, 
rice, and oil — centred here, Beaumont is destined to be- 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POP ULA TION 



71 



come one of the foremost manufacturing and commercial 
cities of the country. 

Paris, the seat of Lamar County, is on the Texas and 
Pacific Raih'oad, 60 miles east of Sherman and just 
within the edge of the Eastern Cross Timbers. This is 
a fine farming region, and Paris carries on an extensive 
trade in agricultural products and supplies. Among its 




Fig. 41. 
Corsicana oil field. 

manufacturing enterprises are a cottonseed oil mill, 
flouring mills, planing mills, and iron foundries. Popu- 
lation, 9358. 

Corsicana is the seat of Navarro County. It is 50 
miles southeast of Dallas, at the junction of the Cotton 
Belt and Houston and Texas Central railroads. It is a 
shipping point for cotton, wool, hides, and petroleum. 
Like other cities of this section, its manufactures consist 



72 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



of cotton oil mills, flour mills, etc. It is said to have 
the largest cotton ginning plant in the world. A large 
petroleum refinery is located here. The Corsicana oil 
fields are second in importance only to the Beaumont 
field. Population, 9313. 

Palestine, the seat of Anderson county, is an important 
railroad centre, the main line of the International and 
Great Northern Railroad forming a junction here with the 
Galveston branch. The general offices and shops of this 
road are located here. Population, 8297. 




Fig. 42. 
Shipping peaches, Tyler. 



Tyler, the seat of Smith County, is situated on the 
main line of the Cotton Belt Railroad, 128 miles southwest 
of Texarkana. It is the chief distributing point for the 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POPULATION 73 

trade of east Texas. It ships large quantities of cotton, 
fruit, and garden truck. Tyler is an important manu- 
facturing point. Among its industrial enterprises are a 
willow-ware factory, a coffin factory, a large iron and 
brass foundry, a rolling mill, a box factor}^, a carriage and 
wagon factory, and canning factories. Population, 8069. 

Gainesville, the seat of Cooke County, is situated on 
the Elm fork of the Trinity River, six miles south of Red 
River, in a rich farming and stock country. It has flour- 
ing mills, cotton oil mills, compresses, and foundry and 
machine shops. Population, 7874. 

Makshall, the seat of Harrison County, is an important 
railroad town. The extensive machine shops of the Texas 
and Pacific Railroad are located here. Population, 7855. 

Cleburne, the seat of Johnson County, is on the main 
line of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad 30 miles 
south of Fort Worth. The Santa Fe shops and general 
offices are located here. The industrial enterprises are 
similar to those of other towns in the Prairie region. 
Population,. 7493. 

Temple, the chief town of Bell County, is on the main 
line of the Santa Fd Railroad, 40 miles southwest of 
Waco. Division headquarters and repair shops of the 
Santa F6 road are located here. Temple is an important 
cotton market. Population, 7065. 

Greenville, the capital of Hunt County, is situated 
near the head waters of the Sabine River, 50 miles north- 
east of Dallas. It is an important railroad centre, and 
extensive machine shops of the different lines are located 
here. It has, besides, flouring mills, a saddle and harness 
factory, wagon factory, cotton and woollen mills, and 
numerous other smaller manufacturing plants. It is in 



74 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



the rich black hind country and has a large trade in farm 
products and supplies. Population, 6860. 

Terrell, the chief town of Kaufman County, is on the 
Texas and Pacific Railroad, 30 miles east of Dallas. It 
has a considerable trade in cotton, grain, flour, live stock, 
hides, and wool. The North Texas State Asylum for the 
insane is located here. Population of Terrell is 6330. 



4:-:^^ 



! 



fe^*> 




..^^l^'^A'i 













Fig. 43. 
Cauliflower field, near Beeville. 

Brownsville, the seat of Cameron County, is situated 
on the Rio Grande near its mouth. It has an important 
trade with Mexico. Most of the inhabitants are Mexicans 
or the descendants of Mexicans, and Spanish is the lan- 
guage commonly spoken. Population, 6305. 

Brenham, the seat of Washington County, is at the 
junction of the Santa F^ and the Houston and Texas 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POP ULA TION 



75 



Central railroads, Q^ miles northeast of Houston. It is 
the centre of a rich cotton-growing section, and several 
thousand bales of the staple are marketed here annually. 
Population, 5968. 

HiLLSBORO, the seat of Hill County, is an important 
grain and live-stock centre. It has one of the largest 
cotton compresses in the state. Other industrial estab- 




FiG. 44. 
Pear orchard and strawberries, near Floresville, Wilson County. 

lishments are flouring mills, cottonseed oil mills, a cotton 
mill, and a broom factory. Population, 5346. 

Texarkana, Bowie County, is situated on the boun- 
dary line of Arkansas and Texas, hence its name. It 
is an important railroad centre, connections being made 
here between several state and interstate lines. Popula- 
tion, 5256. 

BoNHAM, the capital of Fannin County, is on the Texas 
and Pacific Railroad, 70 miles northeast of Dallas. It has 



76 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



a fine trade in agricultural products with the surrounding 
country. Population, 5042. 

Ennis is an important town of Ellis County, on the 
Houston and Texas Central Railroad, 25 miles south of 
Dallas. It is in the rich black land belt, and its trade is 
confined principally to the products of the farm. Popu- 
lation, 4919. 

Weathekfokd, Parker County, is situated near the 
western edge of the Grand Prairie, in a rich farming 
country. It has a considerable trade in cotton, grain, live 
stock, hides, garden truck, and fruits. Population, 4786. 

Corpus Christi is situated on the bay of the same 
name, 125 miles southeast of San Antonio. It has a fine 
harbor and a growing commerce. It occupies the high- 
est point on the Texas coast and is a popular health and 
pleasure resort. It is an important point for the ship- 
ping of vegetables. Population, 4703. 

Waxahachie, the seat of Ellis County, is the centre of 
the great cotton-growing industry of the state. Ellis 




Fig. 45. 
Cotton yard, Waxahachie. 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POPULATION 77 

County leads all other counties in cotton acreage, and 
Waxahacliie is one of the largest interior cotton markets. 
It is also an important market for fat cattle and mules. 
Among its industrial establishments are a large cotton 
mill, cottonseed oil mills, flouring mills, and elevators. 
Five railroads enter the town. Population, 4215. 

Denton, the seat of Denton County, is noted as an 
educational centre. The North Texas State Normal 
School and the Girls' Industrial School are located here. 
Large shipments of cotton, wool, flour, grain, and hides 
are made from this point. Population, 4187. 

Orange, the seat of Orange County, is situated on the 
Sabine River near its mouth. It is one of the great lum- 
ber markets of the state. Population, 3835. 

Bryan, Brazos County, is an important cotton market. 
College Station, near Bryan, is the seat of the Agricul- 
tural and Mechanical College. Population of Bryan, 3589. 

Abilene, Taylor County, has large grain and cattle 
interests and is a noted health resort. Population, 3411. 

Marlin, Falls County, is famous for its hot wells, Avhich 
are said to possess valuable curative properties. Popula- 
tion, 3092. 

Georgetown, Williamson County, is an educational 
centre, SoutliAvestern University, a denominational school 
of the Methodist Church, being located here. Population, 
2790. 

San Angelo, Tom Green County, is the centre of an 
extensive grazing country and has a large trade in cattle, 
sheep, and w^ool. It is also an important pecan market. 
Its high, dry climate makes it a favorite health resort. 
It is the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railroad. 
Population, 2615. 



78 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

San Marcos, Hayes County, is one of the most pic- 
turesque little cities in the state. It is situated on the 
San Marcos River, midway between Austin and San 
Antonio. It is the seat of the Southwest Texas State 
Normal School. The United States has fish hatcheries 
here. Population, 2292. 

Lampasas, in the county of the same name, has fine 
mineral springs and is noted as a health resort. Popula- 
tion, 2107. 

HuNTSViLLE, Walker County, is the seat of the Sam 
Houston State Normal Institute. It is an historic city, 
having been the residence of General Sam Houston. Gen- 
eral Houston died and was buried here in 1863. One of 
the state penitentiaries is located here. Population of 
Huntsville is 2485. 

Nacogdoches, in the county of the same name, is one 
of the oldest towns in the state and has many historical 
associations. It was the home of General Thomas J. 
Rusk, of J. Pinckney Henderson, first governor of the 
state, and of Kenneth L. Anderson, last vice-president of 
the Republic. Magee's expedition started from here in 
1812, and it was here that Dr. James Long established the 
capital of his republic in 1819. Population, 1827. 

Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County, is famed as a 
health resort. It has mineral waters that are said to rival 
the famous German Carlsbad, or Hot Springs of Arkansas. 
Population, 2048. 

Jacksonville, Cherokee County, is the centre of the 
east Texas fruit and trucking industries. A large can- 
ning factory, a box factory, and a cottonseed oil mill are 
among the industrial enterprises of this thriving little city. 
Population, 1568. 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS — POP ULA TION 



79 




Fig. 46. 
Packing peaches for shipment, Jacksonville. 

Rusk, Cherokee County, is the seat of one of the state 
penitentiaries. A large iron furnace is operated by the 
state in connection with the penitentiary. Population, 
1527. 

Many other thriving towns are found in all sections of 
the state. Brief mention should be made of the follow- 
ing : 



Name 


County 


Population 


McKinney 


ColHn 


4342 


Gonzales 


Gonzales 


4297 


Victoria 


Victoria 


4010 


Brownwood 


Brown 


3965 


Navasota 


Grimes 


3857 



80 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



Name 


County 


Population 


Belton 


Bell 


3700 


Sulphur Springs 


Hopkins 


3630 


Longview 


Gregg 


3591 


Yoakum 


Lavaca 


3499 


Cuero 


De Witt 


3422 


Cameron 


Milam 


3341 


Calvert 


Robertson 


3322 


Jefferson 


Marion 


2852 


Crockett 


Houston 


, 2612 


Smithville 


Bastrop 


2557 


Rockdale 


Milam 


2515 


Honey Grove 


Fannin 


2483 


Wichita Falls 


Wichita 


2480 


Seguin 


Guadalupe 


2421 


Alexia 


Limestone 


2393 


La Grange 


Fayette 


2392 


Kaufman 


Kaufman 


2378 


Dublin 


Erath 


2370 


Lockhart 


Caldwell 


2306 


Bastrop 


Bastrop 


2157 


Hearne 


Robertson 


2129 


New^ Braunfels 


Comal 


2097 


Comanche 


Comanche 


2070 


Clarksville 


Red River 


2069 


Bowie 


Montague 


2000 



Review Questions. — Name the eight largest cities of Texas. Find 
them on the map of Texas. What has caused the growth of each? 
Name five cities that are noted as health resorts. Name three noted 
educational centres. Name a great raih'oad centre in north Texas 
and another in south Texas. Name the twelve most populous counties 
of the state. Find them on the map. Name two cities that are 
centres of the lumber industry. Name the most important seaports on 
the coast of Texas. Find them on the map. Describe the foreign 
trade of Galveston. Name two cities with interesting historical asso- 
ciations. What two cities are centres of the oil industry? Name 
three cities on the Rio Grande ; in what does their trade consist ? 
Name two cities that are centres of the fruit industry. What cities 
have large packing houses ? What city is the largest inland cotton 
market of the state ? Name three cities that are centres of the cattle 



GOVERNMENT 81 

industry. Near what two cities are there important United States 
military reservations? Name the most western city of the state. 
Name the city nearest the centre of the state. Name a city on each of 
the following- rivers : (a) Brazos ; (?>) Colorado ; (c) Trinity. In 
what direction and by what railroad would you go from Galveston to 
Palestine? Houston to El Paso ? Fort Worth to Marshall ? Corsicana 
to Texarkana? Austin to Laredo? Where are the state asylums for 
the insane located ? The state prisons ? Name the counties border- 
ing on Louisiana." Which is the largest county in the state ? The 
smallest ? Find them on the map. Name five " black land " counties. 
Name the counties in order that border on Red River. Name five 
counties in the " Panhandle." In what cities are state normal schools 
located ? What two cities are centres of the rice industry ? Give a 
brief description of the capital city. Name the eastern border coun- 
ties. Name the original counties of the state. Name five counties in 
the rice belt ; five in the timber belt ; five in the wheat belt ; five in 
the Panhandle; five in central Texas; five bordering on the Gulf of 
Mexico ; five on the Rio Grande; the six counties of the Trans-Pecos. 
What is the latitude and longitude of Austin ? What cities of the 
Old World lie near the same parallel ? 



GOVERNMENT 

In its essential features the government of Texas is the 
same as that of other states of the Union. It has a written 
constitution embodying the fundamental laws of the state, 
and setting forth the principles that control the making 
of other laws, and defining the powers and duties of pub- 
lic officers. 

The constitution of Texas provides that the govern- 
ment shall consist of three departments. Legislative, Judi- 
cial, and Executive. 

The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of 
Representatives, which, togetlier, are styled The Legisla- 
ture of the State of Texas. The Senate consists of thirty- 
one members, and the constitution provides that this 



82 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

number shall never be increased. One-half of the Senate 
is elected every two years. The term of a senator is four 
years. Membership in the House of Representatives may 
never exceed 150. The membership at present (1903) is 
128. Representatives are elected biennially for a term of 
two years. The Lieutenant Governor by virtue of his 
office is President of the Senate. The House of Repre- 
sentatives elects its own presiding officer, who is desig- 
nated as the Speaker. The Legislature meets biennially 
at the state capital, on the second Tuesday in January, 
and at other times on the call of the Governor. The 
legislative term is fixed by law at ninety days. An "extra 
session " may not continue longer than thirty days. 

The Executive Department consists of the Governor, 
Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Comptroller of Public 
Accounts, Commissioner of the General Land Office, 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, Attorney General, 
and three Railroad Commissioners ; all of whom are 
elected for two years, except the last wlio are elected for 
six years — one every two years. Other executive offi- 
cers, as Secretary of State, Adjutant General, Commis- 
sioner of Insurance, Statistics and History, and State 
Health Officer are appointed by the Governor to serve 
during his term. 

The Judicial Department consists of (1) one Supreme 
Court of three judges ; (2) five Courts of Civil Appeals 
of three judges each ; (3) one Court of Criminal Ap- 
peals of three judges ; (4) sixty-three District Courts of 
one judge each ; (5) a County Court for each county ; 
(6) Justice of the Peace Courts, not less than four nor more 
than eight for each county. All the judges and justices 
are elected by the citizens of their respective districts. 



GOVERNMENT 83 

The Supreme Court holds its sittings at the capital. 
The Courts of Civil Appeals are held at Galveston, Dallas, 
San Antonio, Austin, and Fort Worth. The Court of 
Criminal Appeals may be held at any three places in the 
state. At present (1903) it sits at Tyler, Austin, and 
Dallas. The District Courts are held at the county seats 
of the different counties. County Courts for criminal 
business hold a term once a month at the county seat ; 
for civil business once every two months. Justices' 
Courts are held monthly at some designated place in the 
precinct. 

Cities and incorporated towns have Corporation Courts 
with power to try misdemeanor cases. 

Texas has two senators and sixteen representatives in 
the United States Congress. 

Review Questions. — How often and when does the Legislature 
of the state of Texas meet? What is the total membership of the 
Legislature? Of each branch of the Legislature? How long is a 
legislative term? For how long may an " extra session " hold? Who 
is state representative from your district? Who is your state sena- 
tor? Name the counties of your representative district. Your sena- 
torial district. Name the chief executive officials of the state. Give 
the names of the present state officers : Governor, Lieutenant Governor, 
Treasurer, Comptroller, Commissioner of the General Land Office, 
Attorney General, Superintendent of Pnblic Listruction, Railroad 
Commissioners. Of what does the judicial department consist ? How 
many judges of the Supreme Court are there ? How many judicial 
districts ? Who is judge of your district ? What counties in your judi- 
cial district? In what cities does the Supreme Court sit? Wliere 
are the District Courts held ? What representation has the state in 
the Congress of the United States? In what congressional district 
do you live? Give the name of the congressman from your district. 
Give the names of the two United States senators from Texas ? 



84 



TEX A S S UPPLEMEN T 



EDUCATION 



The educational system of Texas comprises public free 
schools, normal schools, the Agricultural and Mechanical 
College, the State University, schools for the deaf and 
dumb and for the blind, the State Orphan School, and 
the Industrial Institute and College for White Girls. 
Separate schools are provided in all cases for white and 

for colored chil- 
dren. 

The Public 
Free Schools em- 
brace r u r a 1 
schools and in- 
dependent dis- 
tricts (cities and 
towns). The 
rural schools are 
operated under 
two systems — 
the commu7iity 
system and the district system. The community system is 
in operation in thirty-one counties. Under this plan 
schools may be organized in any part of the county by 
enrolling the names of such pupils as may attend, and 
recommending to the county judge three citizens of such 
community as trustees. The communit}^ has no geograph- 
ical boundaries, and there is no limit to the number of 
communities that may be formed in a county excepting that 
in towns of not more than 1500 people, no more than two 
for white and two for colored children may be organized. 




Fig. 47. 
Main building, State University, Austin. 



EDUCATION 



85 



One hundred and ninety-six counties are under the 
district system. The districts, which are formed by 
the commission- 
ers' courts, have 
certain specified 
boundaries, and 
may levy a local 
tax not to ex- 
ceed twenty 
cents on the 
hundred dollars' 
valuation of 
property. The 
county commis- 




FiG. 48. 
High School, El Paso. 



sioners may organize districts in community counties, pro- 
vided that no district shall contain more than thirt3^-six 

square miles of 
territory. 

Cities and 
towns may be 
constituted in- 
dependent dis- 
tricts by a vote 
of the citizens 
of the munici- 
pality. 

The public 
schools of Tex- 
as are the most 
richly endowed 
of any state in the Union, the permanent school fund, 
state and county, amounting to nearly 846,000,000. This 




Fig. 49. 
Houston High School. 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



^. 




^ ■'■^Aj^^g''-"^ 


^ 


9^- 




I^HU 


HHHk 






^^n 


HhP 


■Kill 




ISR 





fund has been derived mainly from the sale of public 
lands which, from time to time, have been set aside for 
this purpose. At present the state fund consists of 
interest-bearing bonds to the amount of 110,600,000 ; 
interest-bearing land notes f 15,200,000 ; and about 

14,000,000 acres 
of unsold lands. 
The interest on 
the bonds and 
notes held by 
the permanent 
fund, the rentals 
from lands still 
unsold, one- 
fourth of all 
the occupation 
taxes, an annual 
poll tax of one dollar, and a special tax of eighteen cents 
on the hundred dollars' valuation of property constitute 
the available fund for the maintenance of the schools. 
The available fund amounts to nearly 84,000,000 annually, 
and is apportioned among the different counties according 
to scholastic population. 

The constitution requires that the schools be main- 
tained six months in each year. 

The state school age is from seven to eighteen years 
inclusive. 

The public free schools are under the control of the 
State Board of Education, consisting of the Governor, the 
Comptroller of Public Accounts, and the Secretary of 
State. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction is 
secretary of the State Board of Education. He is the 
chief executive officer of the svstem. 



F\g. 50. 
North Texas Normal College, Deuton. 



EDUCATION 



87 



Four normal schools are maintained by the state for the 
training of teachers : the Sam Houston Normal Institute 
at Huntsville ; the North Texas State Normal at Den- 
ton ; the Southwest Texas Normal at San Marcos ; and 
the Prairie View Normal and Industrial College, at 
Hempstead, for colored teachers. These schools are 
strictly professional, their aim being to fit teachers for 
the practical work of the schoolroom. 

The Agricultural and Meclianical College, located near 
Bryan, Brazos County, is a branch of the State University, 
" for instruction in the mechanic arts and the natural sci- 
ences connected 
therewith."' Con- 
nected witli the 
college is an ex- 
periment station 
supported by an 
appropriation of 
115,000 per an- 
num from the 
treasury of the 
United States. 

The State 
University is lo- 
cated in the city 
of Austin, on a beautiful block of forty acres of ground 
overlooking the state capitol. It was formally opened 
to students September 15, 1883, and is coeducational. 
Tuition is free to residents of the state. Graduates of 
approved high schools are admitted without examination. 
The system of instruction is a combination of the elective 
and class methods. The degrees awarded are those usu- 




FiG. 51. 
Public Library, Dallas. 



88 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



ally given by American universities. After 1905 only 
one degree will be awarded — Bachelor of Arts. No 
honorary degrees are conferred. 

The affairs of the University are managed by a Board 
of Regents composed of eight citizens, residents of dif- 
ferent portions of the state, who are appointed by the 
Governor and confirmed by the Senate. 




Fig. 52. 
Agricultural aud Mechauical College, Bryan. 

The medical, department of the University is located at 
Galveston. 

The Industrial College for White Girls is located at 
Denton. It is designed to give, besides a literary course, 
instruction in kindergarten work, telegraphy, stenography, 
photography, drawing, painting, designing and engraving, 
needlework, cooking, trained nursing, the care and culture 
of children, and such other subjects as may best fit girls 
for the practical industries of the age. 



L.cfG. 



EDUCATION 



89 




Fig. 53. 
Baylor University, Waco. 

The institutes for the deaf and dumb and for the blind 
are located at Austin. The state orphan school is at 
Terrell. 

In addition to the state schools there are in Texas 49 
white and 7 colored denominational and private colleges 
of high rank, in which are over 500 teachers and 8000 
students. This private property is valued at nearly 
.$3,000,000. 

Review Questions. — AVhat grades of schools are provided for in 
the educational system of Texas? From what sources is the perma- 
nent free school fund derived? What is the total amount of this 
fund? What is meant by the available school fund? From what 
sources is this fund derived ? What amount of this fund is annually 
apportioned to the schools? What is the constitutional requirement 
as to the length of the school term? What is the state school age? 
How many normal schools does the stat« maintain? Locate each of 
these schools. Where is the State Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege located ? How is it maintained ? Give the main facts concern- 
ing the State University. Locate the Girls' Industrial School. Speak 
of the differences between the community system of the public free 
schools and the district system. How many counties in each system? 



90 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



HISTORY 

The exploration of Texas began soon after the conquest 
of Mexico by Cortez. In 1528 Cabeza de Vaca, two 
common sailors, and a negro, survivors of Narvaez' expe- 
dition to Florida, were shipwrecked on an island on the 
Texas coast, supposed to have been Galveston Island. 
Here they were taken prisoners by the Indians, who looked 
upon them as curiosities, and they were shown about from 
tribe to tribe for eight years. In this way they unwill- 
ingly explored the country from Galveston to El Paso. 

In 1540 Coronado, in search of the Seven Golden Cities 
of Cibola, reached the Pueblo village of Ysleta on the 
Rio Grande, where he made the first formal claim of the 
Spanish crown to the territory of Texas. Haunted by 
the same golden phantom, Hernando de Soto, in 1542, 
penetrated the continent by way of Florida and reached 
the vicinity of Texarkana. Forty years later, Espejo 
explored and named New Mexico, and established missions 
at Sante Fe and El Paso. On these explorations Spain 
based her claims of sovereignt}^ 

In 1685 Robert Cavelier de la Salle, a French explorer 
in search of the mouth of the Mississippi, landed on the 
shores of Matagorda Bay and began a settlement. Soon 
after, while on an exploring expedition into the surround- 
ing country. La Salle was murdered by some of his own 
party ; and the settlement, having lost its leader, was 
destroyed by the Indians. 

In 1690 Spain, through jealousy of the French, began 
the permanent occupation of the country by the establish- 
ment of missions. In 1730 San Antonio was founded. 



HISTORY 91 

From 1712 to 1803 Texas was alternately under the 
rule of France and Spain. In the latter year France, 
who was then in possession, sold Louisiana to the United 
States. A dispute then arose between the United States 
and Spain as to the western boundary of Louisiana, the 
former claiming the Rio Grande, the latter the Sabine. 
The matter was settled in 1819 by the United States 
giving up Texas to Spain in part exchange for Florida, 
and agreeing to the Sabine as the boundary line. 

In 1821 Mexico revolted from Spain and soon after- 
ward became an independent republic. Texas was then 
a province of Mexico. 

On New Year's Day, 1822, Stephen F. Austin, with a 
company of immigrants from the United States, arrived 
on the Brazos River and began the Americanization 
of Texas. Other immigrants followed, and, before a 
decade had passed, more than 20,000 had established 
themselves within the limits of the province. The rapid 
increase of the Americans alarmed the Mexican authori- 
ties, who, in 1830, prohibited further immigration from the 
United States, and began a systematic persecution of the 
colonists who had previously arrived. The Americans 
remonstrated, and then took up arms to defend what they 
conceived to be their rights. The first clash occurred at 
Gonzales, October 2, 1835. On March 2, 1836, a conven- 
tion was held at Washington on the Brazos, which declared 
Texas a free and independent republic. Four days later 
occurred the memorable battle of the Alamo at San 
Antonio, where the Texan garrison under Colonel Travis 
were defeated and slain to a man. On March 19, Colonel 
Fannin with 300 men surrendered at Goliad, to be treacher- 
ously murdered on the 27th. 



92 



TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 



Flushed with these successes, the Mexican President, 
General Santa Anna, moved eastward, vowing to drive 
every American from the soil of Texas. He had no 
opposition till he reached the San Jacinto River in east 
Texas. Here, on April 21, 1836, he was met and disas- 




FiG. 54. 
The Alamo, San Antonio. 

trously defeated by a force of Texans many times smaller 
than his own, under the command of General Sam Houston. 

The battle of San Jacinto achieved the independence 
of Texas, which now set up a government of her own, and 
elected General Houston president. 

In 1845 an arrangement was made with the United 
States by which Texas became a state in the American 
Union. With annexation, Texas began to grow rapidly 



HISTORY 93 

ill wealth and population. From a struggling little 
republic of less than 50,000 people she has in fifty years 
become the sixth state in the Union in point of popu- 
lation ; and, should the present rate of growth continue, 
another ten years will place her Avell alongside of New 
York and Pennsylvania in this element of greatness. 

In other ways the progress of the state has been remark- 
able. Fifty years ago there was not a mile of railroad 
within her borders : now Avith nearly 10,000 miles, she 
eclipses every other state except Illinois. Texas, to-day, 
is the leading state in the production of cotton, cat- 
tle, and oil. One-twelfth of all the wealth gathered in 
from the farms of the United States is produced in this 
magnificent state. 

And not only in material progress has this wonderful 
advance been made. Thanks to the wisdom of her founders, 
Texas has one of the best-equipped educational systems 
in the world, and every child in the state, no matter what 
its race, color, or condition, has within its reach a free 
education, from the simple elements of the primary school 
to the higher culture of the university. 

Thus, " rich in all the elements that constitute a com- 
monwealth's greatness, Texas stands to-day the foremost 
type of progressive and successful Americanism." 

Review Questions. — Who was probably the first explorer of 
Texas? State the ch-cumstaiices of this exploration. State the facts 
concerning Coronado ; De Soto ; Espejo. Where and by whom was 
the first formal claim to Texas made for Spain ? What is the oldest 
town in Texas ? Give the date of La Salle's landing at Matagorda Bay. 
What was the fate of La Salle and his colony ? When did Spain begin 
her occupation of the country? What method did she employ? De- 
scribe a mission. Name some of the principal missions in Texas. 
When was San Antonio founded ? Under what governments was Texas 



94 TEXAS SUPPLEMENT 

from 1712 to 1803? What dispute arose between the United States 
and Spain concerning Texas? When and how was this dispute set- 
tled ? Show how Texas became a jmrt of Mexico. When and by whom 
was the first American settlement in Texas made ? State some of the 
causes that led to the Texas revolution. When and where was the 
first battle of the revolution fought ? Give an account of the fall of 
the Alamo. AVhat was the last battle of the war? When was it 
fought and wdiat were its results ? Give the date of the Texas Decla- 
ration of Independence. Who was the first president of the Republic 
of Texas? What other presidents were there? When was Texas 
annexed to the United States? Tell something of her progress as a 
state of the Union. 



Tarr and McMurry's Geographies 

A NEW SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES IN THREE OR FIVE 
VOLUMES 

By RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.Q.S.A. 

Cornell University 



FRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D. 

Teachers College, Columbia University 



TWO BOOK SERIES 

Introductory Geography 60 cents 

Complete Geography $1.00 

THE THREE BOOK SERIES 

First Book (4th and 5th Years) Home Geography and the Earth 

as a Whole 60 cents 

Second Book (6th Year) North America ...... 75 cents 

Third Book (7th year) Europe and Other Continents ... 75 cents 

THE FIVE BOOK SERIES 

First Part (4th year) Home Geography 40 cents 

Second Part (5th year) The Earth as a Whole .... 40 cents 

Third Part (6th year) North America 75 cents 

Fourth Part (7th year) Europe, South America, Etc. . . . 50 cents 
Fifth Part (8th year) Asia and Africa, with Review of North 

America 40 cents 

To meet the requirements of some courses of study, the section from the Third 
Book, treating of South America, is bound up with the Second Book, thus bringing 
North America and South America together in one volume. 

The following Supplementary Volumes have also been prepared, and may be 
had separately or bound together with the Third Book of the Three Book Series, 
or the Fifth Part of the Five Book Series : 

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUMES 



New York State ... 30 cents 

The New England States . 30 cents 

Utah 40 cents 

California 30 cents 

Texas . . , 



Kansas 30 cents 

Ohio 30 cents 

Virginia 30 cents 

Pennsylvania .... 30 cents 

Now ready 



When ordering, be careful to specify the Book or Part and the Series desired, 
and whether with or without the State Supplement. 



PUBLISHED BY 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 
CHICAGO BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA 



Tarr and McMurry's Geographies 



COMMENTS 

North Plainfield, N.J. 

" I think it the best Geography that I have seen." 

— H. J. WiGHTMAN, Superintendent. 
Boston, Mass. 

" I have been teaching the subject in the Boston Normal School 

for over twenty years, and Book I is the book I have been looking 

for for the last ten years. It comes nearer to what I have been 

working for than anything in the geography line that I have yet 

seen. I congratulate you on the good work." 

— Miss L. T. Moses, Normal School. 
Detroit, Mich. 

" I am much pleased with it and have had enthusiastic praise 
for it from all the teachers to whom I have shown it. It seems to 
me to be scientific, artistic, and convenient to a marked degree. 
The maps are a perfect joy to any teacher who has been using 
the complicated aifairs given in most books of the kind." 

— Agnes McRae. 
De Kalb, 111. 

''I have just finished examining the first book of Tarr and 
McMurry's Geographies. I have read the book with care from 
cover to cover. To say that I am pleased with it is expressing 
it mildly. It seems to me just what a geography should be. It is 
correctly conceived and admirably executed. The subject is ap- 
proached from the right direction and is developed in the right 
proportions. And those maps — how could they be any better? 
Surely authors and publishers have achieved a triumph in text- 
book making. I shall watch with interest for the appearance of 
the other two volumes."— Professor Edward C. Page, Northern 
Illhwis State Normal School. 

Asbury Park, N.J. 

"I do not hesitate at all to say that I think the Tarr and 
McMurry's Geography the best in the market." 

— F. S. Sn^vAKD, Supe?'mtendent of Schools. 
Ithaca, N.Y. 

" I am immensely pleased with Tarr and McMurry's Geography." 
— Charles De Garmo, Professor of Pedagogy, Cornell University. 



03 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




u:ii;ii|t|i 



